NURS 231 Pathophysiology Exam 4 Questions With Verified Answers

NURS 231 Pathophysiology Exam 4 Questions With Verified Answers function of blood Transportation materials to and from cells Transports nutrients, carries O2, waste products, hormones to their target cells, regulates body temperature, protects against bacteria and viruses three stages of hemostasis Vascular constriction, platelet plug formation, blood coagulation What is vitamin K needed to synthesize? Factors II, VII, IX, and X, prothrombin, and protein C Discuss the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways both form prothrombin activator. Both pathways converge to activate factor X, the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin. Thrombin then converts fibrinogen to fibrin, the material needed to stabilize a clot. Both methods are needed for successful hemostasis. intrinsic pathway The intrinsic pathway begins with activation of factor XII and can cause clotting in 1 to 6 minutes, considered the slower process. extrinsic pathway The extrinsic pathway can cause clotting in 15 seconds and begins with the release of tissue thromboplastin from the subendothelial cells. It is the quicker of the two pathways, forming a clot in approximately 15 seconds. Natural anticoagulants Antithrombin III, protein C, protein S Drug therapy anticoagulants warfarin, heparin, Dabigatran, Rivaroxaban, Apixaban peripheral vascular resistance The collective resistance of all the vessels in the peripheral circulation Hemodynamics or blood flow is affected by what factors? Pressure, resistance, flow, radius, blood viscosity, compliance, wall tension cardiac output The efficiency of the heart's pump is measured by the cardiac output. The cardiac output (CO) is the amount of blood the heart pumps each minute. It is the product of the stroke volume (SV) and the heart rate (HR). CO = SV x HR.