Nurs 611 PATHO EXAM 2 LATEST UPDATE
Review: the parasympathetic system is all about what? - ANSWER
Conserving energy, digesting, metabolism, and rest
The sympathetic nervous system primarily serves to protect an
individual by doing? - ANSWER Increases blood sugar levels,
increases body temperature, and increases blood pressure. In
general, sympathetic stimulation promotes responses that are
concerned with the protection of the individual, which include
increasing glucose, body temp, and BP.
Review: the sympathetic system is all about what? - ANSWER It's
all about mobilizing energy stores, for instance glucose to muscles,
decreased release of insulin, redirects blood supply from the gut to
the muscles, heart, and lungs.
Which characteristic is the most critical index of nervous system
dysfunction? - ANSWER Level of consciousness. LOC is the most
critical clinical index of nervous system function or dysfunction. An
alteration in consciousness indicates either improvement or
deterioration of a person's condition.
Thought and goal-oriented behaviors are functions of which area of
the brain? - ANSWER Prefrontal lobe. The prefrontal area is
responsible for goal-oriented behavior such as the ability to
concentrate, short-term or recall memory, and the elaboration of
thought and inhibition on the limbic (emotional) areas of the CNS.
Where is the region responsible for the motor aspects? - ANSWER
Broca area in the frontal lobe. Broca speech area is the only region
responsible for the motor aspects of speech.
Parkinson and Huntington diseases are associated with defects in
which area of the brain? - ANSWER Basal ganglia
,Maintenance of a constant internal environment and the
implementation of behavioral patterns are main functions of which
area of the brain? - ANSWER Hypothalamus. Hypothalamic
function falls into 2 major areas: 1) maintenance of a constant
internal environment, and 2) implementation of behavioral patterns.
What parts of the brain mediate the expression of affect, both
emotional and behavioral states? - ANSWER Limbic system and
prefrontal cortex
Reflex activities concerned with heart rate, blood pressure,
respirations, sneezing, swallowing, and coughing are controlled by
which area of the brain? - ANSWER Medulla oblongata. The
medulla oblongata makes up the myelencephalon and is the lowest
portion of the brainstem.
Which area of the brain assumes the responsibility for conscious and
unconscious muscle synergy and for maintaining balance and
posture? - ANSWER Cerebellum
The brain receives approximately what percentage of the cardiac
output? - ANSWER 20% or 800 to 1000 ml of blood flow per minute
What evidence does the nurse expect to see when a patient
experiences trauma to the hypothalamus? - ANSWER Uneven
expression of mood, unstable blood glucose levels, and poor temp
regulation. The hypothalamus forms the base of the diencephalon.
Hypothalamic function controls autonomic nervous system function,
regulation of body temp, endocrine function (glucose levels), and
regulation of emotional expression.
What is the first defense of our bodies? - ANSWER Skin and
mucous membranes
Which action is the purpose of the inflammatory process? -
ANSWER To prevent infection of the injured tissue. If the epithelial
barrier is damaged, then a highly efficient local and system response
(inflammation) is mobilized to limit the extent of damage, to protect
against infection, and to initiate the repair of damaged tissue.
,What are the 4 cardinal signs of infection? - ANSWER Edema
(tumor), warmth (calor), redness (rubor), and pain (dolar). There is a
5th sign known as loss of function (functio laesa)
Which type of white blood cell is first to arrive at the site of infection?
- ANSWER Leukocytes
What causes the edema that occurs during the inflammatory
process? - ANSWER Increased capillary permeability. The
increased flow and capillary permeability result in a leakage of
plasma from the vessels, causing swelling in the surrounding tissue
and is solely responsible for inflammation-induced edema.
What process causes heat and redness to occur during the
inflammatory process? - ANSWER Vasodilation of blood vessels.
The increased blood flow, as a result of vasodilation and increasing
concentration of red cells at the site of inflammation cause locally
increased warmth and redness.
The chemotactic factor affects the inflammatory process by? -
ANSWER Directing leukocytes to the inflamed area
Two chemotactic factors, neutrophil chemotactic factor (NCF) and
eosinophil chemotactic factor of anaphylaxis (ECF-A), are released
during mast cell degranulation. NCF attracts neutrophils (a type of
leukocytes), and ECF-A attracts eosinophils to the site of
inflammation.
What is pain mediated by? - ANSWER Histamines, bradykinins,
leukotrienes, and prostaglandins
The function of opsonization related to the complement cascade is
to: - ANSWER Tag the pathogenic microorganisms for destruction
by neutrophils and macrophages.
C3b adheres to the surface of a pathogenic microorganism and
serves as an efficient opsonin. Opsonins are molecules that tag
microorganisms for destruction by cells of the inflammatory system,
primarily neutrophils and macrophages.
, During phagocytosis what is occurring during the step referred to as
opsonization? - ANSWER Phagocytes recognize and adhere to the
bacteria. During phagocytosis, opsonization involves only the
recognition and adherence of phagocytes to bacteria.
What is the correct sequence of phagocytosis? - ANSWER
Recognition (opsonization), engulfment, fusion, and destruction.
Once the phagocytic cell enters the inflammatory site, the only
correct sequence of phagocytosis involves opsonization or
recognition of the target and adherence of the phagocyte to it,
engulfment, or ingestion or endocytosis, and the formation of
phagosome, fusion with lysosomal granules within the phagocyte and
destruction of the target.
Which manifestations of inflammation is systemic? - ANSWER
Fever and leukocytosis.
The only primary systemic changes associated with the acute
inflammatory response are fever, leukocytosis (a transient increase
in circulating leukocytes), and increased levels in circulating plasma
proteins.
The acute inflammatory response is characterized by fever that is
produced by the hypothalamus being affected by? - ANSWER
Endogenous pyrogens
Fever-causing cytokines are known as endogenous pyrogens.
When considering white blood cell differentials, acute inflammatory
reactions are related to elevations of which leukocyte? - ANSWER
Neutrophils
Only neutrophils are the predominant phagocytes in the early
Review: the parasympathetic system is all about what? - ANSWER
Conserving energy, digesting, metabolism, and rest
The sympathetic nervous system primarily serves to protect an
individual by doing? - ANSWER Increases blood sugar levels,
increases body temperature, and increases blood pressure. In
general, sympathetic stimulation promotes responses that are
concerned with the protection of the individual, which include
increasing glucose, body temp, and BP.
Review: the sympathetic system is all about what? - ANSWER It's
all about mobilizing energy stores, for instance glucose to muscles,
decreased release of insulin, redirects blood supply from the gut to
the muscles, heart, and lungs.
Which characteristic is the most critical index of nervous system
dysfunction? - ANSWER Level of consciousness. LOC is the most
critical clinical index of nervous system function or dysfunction. An
alteration in consciousness indicates either improvement or
deterioration of a person's condition.
Thought and goal-oriented behaviors are functions of which area of
the brain? - ANSWER Prefrontal lobe. The prefrontal area is
responsible for goal-oriented behavior such as the ability to
concentrate, short-term or recall memory, and the elaboration of
thought and inhibition on the limbic (emotional) areas of the CNS.
Where is the region responsible for the motor aspects? - ANSWER
Broca area in the frontal lobe. Broca speech area is the only region
responsible for the motor aspects of speech.
Parkinson and Huntington diseases are associated with defects in
which area of the brain? - ANSWER Basal ganglia
,Maintenance of a constant internal environment and the
implementation of behavioral patterns are main functions of which
area of the brain? - ANSWER Hypothalamus. Hypothalamic
function falls into 2 major areas: 1) maintenance of a constant
internal environment, and 2) implementation of behavioral patterns.
What parts of the brain mediate the expression of affect, both
emotional and behavioral states? - ANSWER Limbic system and
prefrontal cortex
Reflex activities concerned with heart rate, blood pressure,
respirations, sneezing, swallowing, and coughing are controlled by
which area of the brain? - ANSWER Medulla oblongata. The
medulla oblongata makes up the myelencephalon and is the lowest
portion of the brainstem.
Which area of the brain assumes the responsibility for conscious and
unconscious muscle synergy and for maintaining balance and
posture? - ANSWER Cerebellum
The brain receives approximately what percentage of the cardiac
output? - ANSWER 20% or 800 to 1000 ml of blood flow per minute
What evidence does the nurse expect to see when a patient
experiences trauma to the hypothalamus? - ANSWER Uneven
expression of mood, unstable blood glucose levels, and poor temp
regulation. The hypothalamus forms the base of the diencephalon.
Hypothalamic function controls autonomic nervous system function,
regulation of body temp, endocrine function (glucose levels), and
regulation of emotional expression.
What is the first defense of our bodies? - ANSWER Skin and
mucous membranes
Which action is the purpose of the inflammatory process? -
ANSWER To prevent infection of the injured tissue. If the epithelial
barrier is damaged, then a highly efficient local and system response
(inflammation) is mobilized to limit the extent of damage, to protect
against infection, and to initiate the repair of damaged tissue.
,What are the 4 cardinal signs of infection? - ANSWER Edema
(tumor), warmth (calor), redness (rubor), and pain (dolar). There is a
5th sign known as loss of function (functio laesa)
Which type of white blood cell is first to arrive at the site of infection?
- ANSWER Leukocytes
What causes the edema that occurs during the inflammatory
process? - ANSWER Increased capillary permeability. The
increased flow and capillary permeability result in a leakage of
plasma from the vessels, causing swelling in the surrounding tissue
and is solely responsible for inflammation-induced edema.
What process causes heat and redness to occur during the
inflammatory process? - ANSWER Vasodilation of blood vessels.
The increased blood flow, as a result of vasodilation and increasing
concentration of red cells at the site of inflammation cause locally
increased warmth and redness.
The chemotactic factor affects the inflammatory process by? -
ANSWER Directing leukocytes to the inflamed area
Two chemotactic factors, neutrophil chemotactic factor (NCF) and
eosinophil chemotactic factor of anaphylaxis (ECF-A), are released
during mast cell degranulation. NCF attracts neutrophils (a type of
leukocytes), and ECF-A attracts eosinophils to the site of
inflammation.
What is pain mediated by? - ANSWER Histamines, bradykinins,
leukotrienes, and prostaglandins
The function of opsonization related to the complement cascade is
to: - ANSWER Tag the pathogenic microorganisms for destruction
by neutrophils and macrophages.
C3b adheres to the surface of a pathogenic microorganism and
serves as an efficient opsonin. Opsonins are molecules that tag
microorganisms for destruction by cells of the inflammatory system,
primarily neutrophils and macrophages.
, During phagocytosis what is occurring during the step referred to as
opsonization? - ANSWER Phagocytes recognize and adhere to the
bacteria. During phagocytosis, opsonization involves only the
recognition and adherence of phagocytes to bacteria.
What is the correct sequence of phagocytosis? - ANSWER
Recognition (opsonization), engulfment, fusion, and destruction.
Once the phagocytic cell enters the inflammatory site, the only
correct sequence of phagocytosis involves opsonization or
recognition of the target and adherence of the phagocyte to it,
engulfment, or ingestion or endocytosis, and the formation of
phagosome, fusion with lysosomal granules within the phagocyte and
destruction of the target.
Which manifestations of inflammation is systemic? - ANSWER
Fever and leukocytosis.
The only primary systemic changes associated with the acute
inflammatory response are fever, leukocytosis (a transient increase
in circulating leukocytes), and increased levels in circulating plasma
proteins.
The acute inflammatory response is characterized by fever that is
produced by the hypothalamus being affected by? - ANSWER
Endogenous pyrogens
Fever-causing cytokines are known as endogenous pyrogens.
When considering white blood cell differentials, acute inflammatory
reactions are related to elevations of which leukocyte? - ANSWER
Neutrophils
Only neutrophils are the predominant phagocytes in the early
