FFG.gs#ggg
Brain and Behavior
, CHAPTER I
a sa
pp
-
.
What are the origins of brain and behavior ?
.
NEUROSCIENCE IN THE - TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY
TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY CTB I ) -
Wound to the brain that results from a blow
to the head .
behavior ?
D How is the brain organized to produce
-
D three sources :
1. the evolution of brain and behavior in diverse animal species
2 . how the brain is related to behavior in typical people
3 . how the brain changes in people with brain damage or
other brain dysfunction
t.1WHYSTUDYBRNNANDBEHAUIORZ.fr
brain and behavior are linked to eachother
→ how the brain produces behavior is a
major unanswered
scientific question
→ the brain is the most complex living organ on Earth and is found
in
many groups of animals
→ a growing list of behavioral disorders can be explained and
treated as we increase our
understanding of the brain
t.2WHATISTHEBRAINZ.rs
the brain and the spinal cord make up the central nervous
System C CNS )
SPINAL CORD Part of central system
-
the nervous
encased within the vertebrae C spinal
Column ); provides most of the connections
between the brain and the rest of the
body .
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM GNS ) -
The brain and spinal cord , which
together mediate behavior .
, PERIPHERAL NERVOUS CPNS ) All Of the the
SYSTEM neurons in body Outside
-
the brain spinal cord ;
and
provides
Sensory and motor connections to and
from the central nervous system .
NEURONS specialized nerve cell
engaged in
-
information processing .
D neurons in the brain communicate with
→ one another
→
sensory receptors in the skin
→ muscles
→ internal body organs
D the brain comprises two major sets of structure :
i . cerebrum C forebrain )
↳ two hemispheres
↳ responsible for conscious behaviors
↳ enfolds the brainstem
2 .
Cerebellum
CD
learning and coordinating our movements
b conjoint evolution with Cerebrum suggests that it assists
the cerebrum in generating many behaviors
CEREBRUM C FOREBRAIN )
-
Major structure of the forebrain
that consists oc two mirror image
-
hemispheres Cleft and right ) and
is responsible for most conscious
behavior .
HEMISPHERE -
Literally ,
half a sphere , referring to
one side of the cerebrum .
BRAINSTEM -
Central structure of the brain ;
responsible for most unconscious
behavior .
, CEREBELLUM Major brain stem structure specialized for
-
learning and coordinating movements ;
assists
the cerebrum in generating many behaviors .
D Does the brain work without the PNS ?
EMBODIED Theory
-
that the movements we make and the
BEHAVIOR movements others
we perceive in are central to
communication with others .
-
D the brain as an intelligent entity cannon be divorced
from the body 's activities
D
Edmond Jacobson : we make subliminal movements related
to our thoughts
↳ total relaxation leads to a condition OC mental
emptiness
D Woodburn Heron :
sensory deprivation
Los unpleasant ; loss of focus
the CNS stimulation From the
environment
→ needs ongoing sensory
and from own body its 's movement
→ the brain communicates by producing movement and
'
observing others movements
LOCKED IN condition patient is awake
-
-
in which a aware and
SYNDROME but cannot move or Communicate verbally
because of complete paralysis of
nearly all
voluntary muscles except the eyes .
→ the brain can be conscious to a great extent in the
absence of overt behavior
,t.3WHATISBEHAUIOR.rs
B-fconsistsofpattwnsinhme.im
' '
Eibl -
Eibesfeldt :
patterns
behavioral enormously vary
1- D
e.g .
inherited responses us . learned behaviors
-
D animals with smaller , simp#us# exhibit a narrow
range of behaviors that depend mainly on heredity
→ animals with completes have more behavioral options
that depend on learning
2.PERSPECTIUEONBRAINANDBEHAUIOIDthr.ee
broad approaches : mentalism ,
dualism , and materialism
2.1ARlSTOTLEANDMENTAClS#
PSYCHE -
Synonym for mind ,
an
entity once
proposed to be
the source of human behavior .
of
→ nonmaterial entity independent the
body
MIND Proposed nonmaterial entity responsible for
-
intelligence ,
attention ,
awareness ,
and consciousness .
MENTALISM -
Explanation of behavior as a function of the
nonmaterial mind .
2.2DESCARTESANDDUAL.IS#
D Descartes : the mind can be found in the brain
DUALISM Philosophical position that both a nonmaterial
-
mind and a material body contribute to
behavior .
MIND Difficulty of explaining how nonmaterial mind
-
-
BODY a
PROBLEM and a material body interact .
,2. 3 DARWIN AND MATERIALISM
MATERIALISM Philosophical position that behavior
-
can be
explained as a function of the nervous system
without recourse to the mind .
2 . 3 .
A EVOLUTION BY NATURAL SELECTION
SELECTION Darwin 's for
NATURAL theory explaining how new
-
species evolve and now existing species
Differential
change over time .
success
the reproduction of different
characteristics
in
c phenotypes ) results from the inter -
action of with their environment
organisms .
SPECIES Group of organisms that can interbreed
-
.
PHENOTYPE Set of individual characteristics that
-
can
be seen or measured .
2 . 3 .
2 NATURAL SE LEGION AND HERITABLE FACTORS
Mendel
D
Gregor :
genes
GENOTYPE Particular makeup individual
genetic of
-
an .
to survive
-
D the unequal ability of individual organisms
and reproduce is related to the different genes than
are inherited and passed on ( dominant us . recessive )
2 .
3. 3 INTERPLAY OF GENES ,
ENVIRONMENT ,
AND Et PERCE NCE
EPIGENETICS Differences related to
environment
in expression
-
gene
and experience .
factors don't influence
→
epigenetic change genes but how your
genes express the inherited traits
,2. 3 4 . SUMMARIZING MATERIALISM
r .
Because an animal species are related , their brains must be
related
2 Because all animal species are related their behavior must
,
.
be related
3 . Brain and behavior incomplete animals such as humans evolved
from simpler animals
'
brains and behaviors and also depend
on
learning
2 . 4 CONTEMPORARY PERSPECTIVES ON BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR
D eliminative materialism
↳ is behavior can be described adequately without recourse
the
to mind ,
then the mental explanation should be
eliminated
2 .
4 .
A RECOVERING CONSCIOUSNESS : A CASE STUDY
MINIMALLY CONSCIOUS
-
Condition in which a
person can display
STATE C MCS ) some rudimentary behaviors ,
such as
smiling or uttering a few words ,
but is
otherwise not conscious .
PERSISTENT VEGETATIVE -
Condition in which a person is alive but
STATE CPUS ) unaware .
unable to communicate or
to function independently at even
the most basic level .
D Adrien Owen :
imaging brain of comatose patients
cos assessing the extent to which
they are conscious
↳ Looked .
in syndrome
CLINICAL TRIAL consensual experiment directed toward
-
developing a treatment .
DEEP -
BRAIN
STIMULATION C DDS ) which electrodes implanted
Neurosurgery in
-
in the brain stimulate a targeted area
with a low -
voltage
electrical current to
facilitate behavior .
, -
D improvement in patient 's behavior and
ability to follow commands
D
Glasgow coma scale Lacs )
cos indicator of the degree of unconsciousness
→ eliminative materialism : the objective , measurably improved
ACS score is more useful than a subjective mentalists 's
explanation
2 . 4 .
2 THE SEPE RATE REALMS OF SCIENCE AND BELIEF
D materialism argues for objective ,
measurable descriptions of
behavior that can be referenced to brain activity
→ neutral with
respect to religion
3. EVOLUTION OF BRAINS AND OF BEHAVIOR
COMMON ANCESTOR Forebear of two or more lineages or family
-
groups ; ancestral to both groups .
3. A ORIGIN OF BRAIN CELLS AND BRAINS
D 4.5 billion earth
years ago :
D 3.5 billion years first life forms brain and nervous
ago : -
6 million
is::I
sittin
Fain
aag
like
ans
brain
}%an%%I
's
is
years ago :
human
D 200.000 years ago : human brain
3 .
1 EVOLUTION OF NERVOUS SYSTEMS IN ANIMALS
r .
Neurons and muscles
↳ brain cells and muscles evolved first
↳ movement
2 . Nerve net
↳ simple nervous system , organized as a net
CD no brain
NERVE NET -
Simple nervous system that has no center
bur consists of neurons that receive
sensory information and connect directly
to other neurons that move muscles .
,3 Bilateral
.
symmetry
BILATERAL SYMMETRY Body plan in which organs or parts present
-
on both sides of the body are mirror images
in appearance .
For example ,
the hands are
bilaterally symmetrical ,
whereas the heart
is not .
4. Segmentation
SEGMENTATION Division into number of parts that are
-
a
similar ; refers to the idea that many
animals . including vertebrates are
,
Composed of similarly organized body
segments .
5.
Ganglia
GANGLIA -
Collection of nerve cells that function
somewhat like a brain .
↳ command centers
cos encephalizah.cn : having the ganglia in the head
6 .
Spinal Cord
↳ a single nervous system Pathway connects the brain with
sensory receptors and muscles
CHORDATE -
Animal that has both a brain and a
spinal cord .
↳ notochord flexible rod that of
: a runs the length the
back
7. Brain
↳ of encephalizah.cn
greatest degree
, 3 .
2 CHORDATE NERVOUS SYSTEM
CLADOGRAM Phylogenetic tree that branches repeatedly
-
,
suggesting of based
a taxonomy organisms
on the time sequence in which evolutionary
branches arise .
'
D Wide variations among chordates systems
nervous
↳ BUT : basic structural pattern OC bilateral symmetry ,
segmentation cord brain encased in
,
and a spinal and
cartilage or bone
D evolution of more complex behavior is closely related to
the evolution of cerebrum and cerebellum
CD increase in brain size → new I more complex behaviors
LD increased size and folding are particularly pronounced
animals with brains relative to their body
.
in arge
size C
e.g . dolphins and primates )
4. EVOLUTION OF THE HUMAN BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR
4. A t IUMANS : MEMBERS OF THE PRIMATE ORDER
D primate order
↳
subcategory of mammals
↳ 275 primate species
→ humans are a member of the great ape family
b most closely related to chimpanzee
HOMINID General term referring to
primates that walk
-
upright , including all Forms of humans , living
and extinct .
4. 2 AUSTRALOPITHECUS : OUR DISTANT ANCESTOR
D
Australopithecus
CD hominid ancestor
CD many different species
→ showed distinctly human traits
Brain and Behavior
, CHAPTER I
a sa
pp
-
.
What are the origins of brain and behavior ?
.
NEUROSCIENCE IN THE - TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY
TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY CTB I ) -
Wound to the brain that results from a blow
to the head .
behavior ?
D How is the brain organized to produce
-
D three sources :
1. the evolution of brain and behavior in diverse animal species
2 . how the brain is related to behavior in typical people
3 . how the brain changes in people with brain damage or
other brain dysfunction
t.1WHYSTUDYBRNNANDBEHAUIORZ.fr
brain and behavior are linked to eachother
→ how the brain produces behavior is a
major unanswered
scientific question
→ the brain is the most complex living organ on Earth and is found
in
many groups of animals
→ a growing list of behavioral disorders can be explained and
treated as we increase our
understanding of the brain
t.2WHATISTHEBRAINZ.rs
the brain and the spinal cord make up the central nervous
System C CNS )
SPINAL CORD Part of central system
-
the nervous
encased within the vertebrae C spinal
Column ); provides most of the connections
between the brain and the rest of the
body .
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM GNS ) -
The brain and spinal cord , which
together mediate behavior .
, PERIPHERAL NERVOUS CPNS ) All Of the the
SYSTEM neurons in body Outside
-
the brain spinal cord ;
and
provides
Sensory and motor connections to and
from the central nervous system .
NEURONS specialized nerve cell
engaged in
-
information processing .
D neurons in the brain communicate with
→ one another
→
sensory receptors in the skin
→ muscles
→ internal body organs
D the brain comprises two major sets of structure :
i . cerebrum C forebrain )
↳ two hemispheres
↳ responsible for conscious behaviors
↳ enfolds the brainstem
2 .
Cerebellum
CD
learning and coordinating our movements
b conjoint evolution with Cerebrum suggests that it assists
the cerebrum in generating many behaviors
CEREBRUM C FOREBRAIN )
-
Major structure of the forebrain
that consists oc two mirror image
-
hemispheres Cleft and right ) and
is responsible for most conscious
behavior .
HEMISPHERE -
Literally ,
half a sphere , referring to
one side of the cerebrum .
BRAINSTEM -
Central structure of the brain ;
responsible for most unconscious
behavior .
, CEREBELLUM Major brain stem structure specialized for
-
learning and coordinating movements ;
assists
the cerebrum in generating many behaviors .
D Does the brain work without the PNS ?
EMBODIED Theory
-
that the movements we make and the
BEHAVIOR movements others
we perceive in are central to
communication with others .
-
D the brain as an intelligent entity cannon be divorced
from the body 's activities
D
Edmond Jacobson : we make subliminal movements related
to our thoughts
↳ total relaxation leads to a condition OC mental
emptiness
D Woodburn Heron :
sensory deprivation
Los unpleasant ; loss of focus
the CNS stimulation From the
environment
→ needs ongoing sensory
and from own body its 's movement
→ the brain communicates by producing movement and
'
observing others movements
LOCKED IN condition patient is awake
-
-
in which a aware and
SYNDROME but cannot move or Communicate verbally
because of complete paralysis of
nearly all
voluntary muscles except the eyes .
→ the brain can be conscious to a great extent in the
absence of overt behavior
,t.3WHATISBEHAUIOR.rs
B-fconsistsofpattwnsinhme.im
' '
Eibl -
Eibesfeldt :
patterns
behavioral enormously vary
1- D
e.g .
inherited responses us . learned behaviors
-
D animals with smaller , simp#us# exhibit a narrow
range of behaviors that depend mainly on heredity
→ animals with completes have more behavioral options
that depend on learning
2.PERSPECTIUEONBRAINANDBEHAUIOIDthr.ee
broad approaches : mentalism ,
dualism , and materialism
2.1ARlSTOTLEANDMENTAClS#
PSYCHE -
Synonym for mind ,
an
entity once
proposed to be
the source of human behavior .
of
→ nonmaterial entity independent the
body
MIND Proposed nonmaterial entity responsible for
-
intelligence ,
attention ,
awareness ,
and consciousness .
MENTALISM -
Explanation of behavior as a function of the
nonmaterial mind .
2.2DESCARTESANDDUAL.IS#
D Descartes : the mind can be found in the brain
DUALISM Philosophical position that both a nonmaterial
-
mind and a material body contribute to
behavior .
MIND Difficulty of explaining how nonmaterial mind
-
-
BODY a
PROBLEM and a material body interact .
,2. 3 DARWIN AND MATERIALISM
MATERIALISM Philosophical position that behavior
-
can be
explained as a function of the nervous system
without recourse to the mind .
2 . 3 .
A EVOLUTION BY NATURAL SELECTION
SELECTION Darwin 's for
NATURAL theory explaining how new
-
species evolve and now existing species
Differential
change over time .
success
the reproduction of different
characteristics
in
c phenotypes ) results from the inter -
action of with their environment
organisms .
SPECIES Group of organisms that can interbreed
-
.
PHENOTYPE Set of individual characteristics that
-
can
be seen or measured .
2 . 3 .
2 NATURAL SE LEGION AND HERITABLE FACTORS
Mendel
D
Gregor :
genes
GENOTYPE Particular makeup individual
genetic of
-
an .
to survive
-
D the unequal ability of individual organisms
and reproduce is related to the different genes than
are inherited and passed on ( dominant us . recessive )
2 .
3. 3 INTERPLAY OF GENES ,
ENVIRONMENT ,
AND Et PERCE NCE
EPIGENETICS Differences related to
environment
in expression
-
gene
and experience .
factors don't influence
→
epigenetic change genes but how your
genes express the inherited traits
,2. 3 4 . SUMMARIZING MATERIALISM
r .
Because an animal species are related , their brains must be
related
2 Because all animal species are related their behavior must
,
.
be related
3 . Brain and behavior incomplete animals such as humans evolved
from simpler animals
'
brains and behaviors and also depend
on
learning
2 . 4 CONTEMPORARY PERSPECTIVES ON BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR
D eliminative materialism
↳ is behavior can be described adequately without recourse
the
to mind ,
then the mental explanation should be
eliminated
2 .
4 .
A RECOVERING CONSCIOUSNESS : A CASE STUDY
MINIMALLY CONSCIOUS
-
Condition in which a
person can display
STATE C MCS ) some rudimentary behaviors ,
such as
smiling or uttering a few words ,
but is
otherwise not conscious .
PERSISTENT VEGETATIVE -
Condition in which a person is alive but
STATE CPUS ) unaware .
unable to communicate or
to function independently at even
the most basic level .
D Adrien Owen :
imaging brain of comatose patients
cos assessing the extent to which
they are conscious
↳ Looked .
in syndrome
CLINICAL TRIAL consensual experiment directed toward
-
developing a treatment .
DEEP -
BRAIN
STIMULATION C DDS ) which electrodes implanted
Neurosurgery in
-
in the brain stimulate a targeted area
with a low -
voltage
electrical current to
facilitate behavior .
, -
D improvement in patient 's behavior and
ability to follow commands
D
Glasgow coma scale Lacs )
cos indicator of the degree of unconsciousness
→ eliminative materialism : the objective , measurably improved
ACS score is more useful than a subjective mentalists 's
explanation
2 . 4 .
2 THE SEPE RATE REALMS OF SCIENCE AND BELIEF
D materialism argues for objective ,
measurable descriptions of
behavior that can be referenced to brain activity
→ neutral with
respect to religion
3. EVOLUTION OF BRAINS AND OF BEHAVIOR
COMMON ANCESTOR Forebear of two or more lineages or family
-
groups ; ancestral to both groups .
3. A ORIGIN OF BRAIN CELLS AND BRAINS
D 4.5 billion earth
years ago :
D 3.5 billion years first life forms brain and nervous
ago : -
6 million
is::I
sittin
Fain
aag
like
ans
brain
}%an%%I
's
is
years ago :
human
D 200.000 years ago : human brain
3 .
1 EVOLUTION OF NERVOUS SYSTEMS IN ANIMALS
r .
Neurons and muscles
↳ brain cells and muscles evolved first
↳ movement
2 . Nerve net
↳ simple nervous system , organized as a net
CD no brain
NERVE NET -
Simple nervous system that has no center
bur consists of neurons that receive
sensory information and connect directly
to other neurons that move muscles .
,3 Bilateral
.
symmetry
BILATERAL SYMMETRY Body plan in which organs or parts present
-
on both sides of the body are mirror images
in appearance .
For example ,
the hands are
bilaterally symmetrical ,
whereas the heart
is not .
4. Segmentation
SEGMENTATION Division into number of parts that are
-
a
similar ; refers to the idea that many
animals . including vertebrates are
,
Composed of similarly organized body
segments .
5.
Ganglia
GANGLIA -
Collection of nerve cells that function
somewhat like a brain .
↳ command centers
cos encephalizah.cn : having the ganglia in the head
6 .
Spinal Cord
↳ a single nervous system Pathway connects the brain with
sensory receptors and muscles
CHORDATE -
Animal that has both a brain and a
spinal cord .
↳ notochord flexible rod that of
: a runs the length the
back
7. Brain
↳ of encephalizah.cn
greatest degree
, 3 .
2 CHORDATE NERVOUS SYSTEM
CLADOGRAM Phylogenetic tree that branches repeatedly
-
,
suggesting of based
a taxonomy organisms
on the time sequence in which evolutionary
branches arise .
'
D Wide variations among chordates systems
nervous
↳ BUT : basic structural pattern OC bilateral symmetry ,
segmentation cord brain encased in
,
and a spinal and
cartilage or bone
D evolution of more complex behavior is closely related to
the evolution of cerebrum and cerebellum
CD increase in brain size → new I more complex behaviors
LD increased size and folding are particularly pronounced
animals with brains relative to their body
.
in arge
size C
e.g . dolphins and primates )
4. EVOLUTION OF THE HUMAN BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR
4. A t IUMANS : MEMBERS OF THE PRIMATE ORDER
D primate order
↳
subcategory of mammals
↳ 275 primate species
→ humans are a member of the great ape family
b most closely related to chimpanzee
HOMINID General term referring to
primates that walk
-
upright , including all Forms of humans , living
and extinct .
4. 2 AUSTRALOPITHECUS : OUR DISTANT ANCESTOR
D
Australopithecus
CD hominid ancestor
CD many different species
→ showed distinctly human traits
