Biomedical Engineering Exam 1 Studyguide WITH CORRECT ANSWERS 2024.

define biomaterials - answer-materials that are engineered to interact with biological systems in order to direct medical treatment define bio-inert materials - answer-engineered biomaterials that don't illicit an adverse response from the human body define bio-active materials - answer-engineered biomaterials that help facilitate some kind of physiological response or action Dr. Higginson uses what term in place of bio-active materials sometimes? - answer-fertilizer define engineering design - answer-material selection governed by matching material properties with requirements of application when designing a new biomaterial, what are the 5 considerations you need to take into account? - answer-1. foreign body reaction 2. stress shielding 3. biocompatability 4. bioactivity 5. osteoinduction define stress shielding - answer-reduction in bone density as the result of the removal of a typical stress at that bone, usually due to an implant such as bone plates. the (more/less) flexible a material, the (more/less) stress shielding we experience. - answer-more, less when considering biomaterial designs, what is meant by bioactivity? - answer-placing a coating on materials that are bio-inert to make the bio-active, in order to elicit some sort of response. define osteointegration - answer-how well a material integrates with bone in the paper 'Biomaterials in Orthopaedics', what were the three generations of biomedical materials, and what was the point they stressed about these generations? - answer-Gen 1: bioinert materials, Gen 2: bioactive and biodegradable materials, Gen 3: materials designed to stimulate specific responses at the molecular level. The important considerations is that these are not chronological, each contributes to what we know today, and characteristics from each generation are still used. the first generation of biomaterials were required to be _____________ in order to reduce their corrosion and their release of ions and particles after implantation. - answer-as inert as possible the second generation of biomaterials was developed to interact with the biological environment to enhance ____________________ and __________________. - answer-biological response and tissue/surface bonding. a second goal of the Generation 2 biomaterials was to give them the ability to undergo a progressive ___________ while new tissue ___________. - answer-degradation; regenerates and heals. the third generation of biomaterials is designed to do what? - answer-stimulate specific cellular responses at the molecular level stainless steels are primarily used for _______ implant devices. - answer-temporary what are the 5 properties of stainless steels for biomaterials? - answer-high strength, ductility, fatigue performance, corrosion resistance, resistance to pitting what are the 5 properties of cobalt-chromium alloys for biomaterials? - answer-highly resistive to corrosion, resistant to fatigue cracking, relatively ductile, exceptional bio compatibility, high strength. what is the reason austenitic stainless steel is no longer used for metal-on-metal pairs in joints such as the hip? - answer-the wear resistance is poor Co-Cr based alloys of Stainless Steel have been associated with higher degrees of _______ due to their strength and high modulus. - answer-stress-shielding what is the alloy we talked about under the stainless steel unit? - answer-cobalt-chromium alloys what element is sometimes put in cobalt-chromium alloys to further strengthen them? what is the downfall? - answer-nickel, some people are allergic what is meant by "biocompatibility is a two way street?" - answer-material must not damage the tissues of the musculoskeletal system, and the body must not damage or impair function of implanted material pure titanium alloys are sometimes used for implants where _________ is not expected - answer-high stress rank the following in terms of corrosion resistance: Co-Cb alloys, SS, Ti alloys - answer-Ti alloys Co-Cb alloys SS what are the three types of fracture fixation devices? - answer-screws, plates, and intramedullary rods what was the reason artificial joints in the 1800s were typically unsuccessful? - answer-they often led to sepsis, or widespread infection, usually due to the actual surgery, not the implant what year were the first artificial knee and hip implanted? - answer-1890 and 1891 when was the first artificial shoulder implanted? how long did this last? - answer-1893, lasted 2 years what is the typical shape of intramedullary rods these days? why is this beneficial? how do they further stabilize them? - answer-have a clover leaf shape when looking down the rod, this increases the potential vascularity around the rod while still maintaining a good degree of contact points with the bone. They also put locking screws on the ends to prevent unwanted rotations. stability of an intramedullary rod depends on what three things? - answer-1. mechanical properties of nail 2. how good the fit into the IM space 3. mechanical properties of locking screw/bolt bending and torsional stiffness of intramedullary rods depends on what? (2) - answer-nail diameter and number of nail slots what is the main benefit of external fixators? - answer-they allow for some degree of adjustment throughout the recovery process. external fixation is the only technique that allows stability to be adapted ___________, ____________, and __________ - answer-pre-operatively, intra-operatively, and post-operatively what are the four limitations to external fixators? - answer-1. compromise the blood supply in fractured healing zone 2. interfragmentary movement 3. pin site infection 4. creates stress risers in adjacent bones define joint replacement (specifically) - answer-articular surfaces of joints replaced to restore function to damaged or painful joints what is the most common cause of the need of joint replacements? - answer-arthritis what are the two types of arthritis? - answer-osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis what is the difference between osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis? - answer-osteoarthritis arises from natural wear and tear on the bones and joints, rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease in which the body system attacks the joints. what are the two most common joint replacements? - answer-hip and knee what are the two classifications of joint replacements? - answer-articular surface only and articular surface and bone substructure define corrosion of biomaterials - answer-gradual degradation of materials by electrochemical attack corrosion can be reduced by the implementation of what? - answer-surface oxide films titanium can produce its own ___________, which can help reduce what? - answer-surface oxide film, corrosion what is a potential adverse effect of nickel? - answer-affects skin, such as dermatitis what is a potential adverse effect of cobalt? - answer-anemia B inhibiting iron from being absorbed into the blood stream what is a potential adverse effect of chromium? - answer-ulcers and central nervous system disturbances what is a potential adverse effect of aluminum? - answer-epileptic effects and Alzheimer's disease what is a potential adverse effect of Vanadium? - answer-toxic in the elementary state define biomedical ethics - answer-discipline of ethics dealing with the moral problems arising in the practice of medicine and the pursuit of biomedical research. in the biomedical ethics paper, what are the 3 areas in which moral worries fall into? - answer-1. biomedical research cannot continue on its preseent course without significantly altering human nature. 2. in the name of more cures we get longer life and improved quality of life, we will commodify and objectify human life. 3. too much biomedical tinkering will produce a losss of authenticity and meaning in human experience.