MCAT AAMC Bio Advanced test

membrane-bound organelles - ANSWERSWhat is one characteristic that distinguishes eukaryotic cells from prokaryotic cells? CNS - ANSWERSWhere is pain perceived, neurons in the CNS or PNS? myoglobin - ANSWERSWhat is a substance that holds oxygen in muscles and organs? mRNA - ANSWERSThe destruction of what prevents continuous protein production - that allows the cell to change its protein expression over time? timing - ANSWERSWhat about the expression of an antisense gene is a key feature in determining if the antisense drug will work? uneven - ANSWERSDo ova-producing cells of females produce even or uneven division? And have an even or uneven amount of nuclear material? s phase - ANSWERSThe synthesis phase of the cell cycle; the portion of interphase during which DNA is replicated. (especially important in cells with low DNA concentrations) prophase - ANSWERSIn what phase do chromosomes become visible, nuclear envelop dissolves, spindle forms? interphase - ANSWERSIn what phase is it a period of the cell cycle between cell divisions - rest metaphase - ANSWERSsecond phase of mitosis, during which the chromosomes line up across the center of the cell and divide, one copy moving to each daughter cell anaphase - ANSWERSPhase of mitosis in which the chromosomes separate and move to opposite ends of the cell telophase - ANSWERSthe final stage of meiosis when the chromosomes move toward opposite ends of the nuclear spindle transformation - ANSWERS(genetics) modification of a cell or bacterium by the uptake and incorporation of exogenous DNA - one of the three ways bacteria can exchange genes tranduction - ANSWERSOne of the three ways bacteria can exchange genes, is the process by which DNA is transferred from one bacterium to another by a virus. It also refers to the process whereby foreign DNA is introduced into another cell via a viral vector. conjugation - ANSWERSOne of the three w ways bacteria can exchange genes = involves production of a special pilus by one bacterium and transfer through it of DNA to another bacterium, requires a special gene that is usually present on a plasmid plasmid - ANSWERSA separate extragenomic strand of DNA not incorporated into ta bacterium's own DNA Can be used to repress production of a gene insulin, glucagon - ANSWERSHyperglycemia normally elicits what kind of secretion? And what kind of secretion is suppressed? inflammation - ANSWERSWhat do leukocytes gravitate towards? acidic (harsh) environment - ANSWERSWhy does you stomach denature proteins/antibodies? somatic - ANSWERSWhat type of cells line the stomach? 2 - ANSWERSHow many ATP molecules do glycolysis produce? 3Na+, 2K+ (sodium-potassium pump) - ANSWERSHow much sodium and potassium is used up to make one molecule of ATP during glycolysis permeability - ANSWERSAction potentials result in an increased _____________ of the plasma membrane to Na+ loop of henle - ANSWERSWhat part of the kidney is Na+ reabsorption the most important because it is reabsorbed from filtrate moving through the nephron? Mechanism for how kidneys concentrate urine pituitary - ANSWERSgland that is the master gland of the endocrine system adrenal gland - ANSWERSsource of the hormone norepinephrine which affects arousal sits atop our kidneys and secretes hormones involved in the stress response duplicate - ANSWERSWould the double strand daughter DNA molecule be a duplicate of the parent molecule or antiparallel? golgi apparatus - ANSWERSA system of membranes that modifies and packages proteins for export by the cell mesoderm - ANSWERSin an embryo, the middle layer of cells that gives rise to muscles, blood, and various systems - circulatory, bone, dermal ectoderm - ANSWERSthe outer germ layer that develops into skin and nervous tissue, mouth endoderm - ANSWERSthe inner germ layer that develops into the lining of the digestive and respiratory systems krebs cycle - ANSWERSproduces molecules that carry energy to the second part of cellular respiration - aerobic metabolism circular - ANSWERSDo prokaryotes (bacteria) have linear or circular DNA? neurotransmitters, hormones - ANSWERSWhat are two chemicals that are found in the blood stream? liver - ANSWERSWhere is glycogen made, stored, and broken down? pancreas - ANSWERSbetween the kidneys; regulates the blood sugar levels - produces including insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, and pancreatic polypeptide, all of which circulate in the blood. digestive organ, secreting pancreatic juice containing bicarbonate to neutralize acidity of chyme moving in from the stomach, as well as digestive enzymes that assist digestion and absorption of nutrients in the small intestine skeletal, cardiac - ANSWERSWhat two types of muscle often contain striated muscle fibers` smooth muscle - ANSWERSInvoluntary muscle found inside many internal organs of the body GTP - ANSWERS ATP - ANSWERS stable pH gradient - ANSWERSWhen does isoelectric focusing what does one need in order to visualize the proteins which are separated based on isoelectric point? exons - ANSWERSTo form different isoforms synthesized from the same gene alternative splicing must occur so that their are different combinations of _________ connective tissue - ANSWERSA body tissue that provides support for the body and connects all of its parts ex: osteoclasts lower - ANSWERSA higher affinity corresponds to a higher or lower Kd peptide - ANSWERSWhat type of hormones are lipophobic (hydrophilic) and soluble in blood? steroid - ANSWERSWhat type of hormones are lipophilic and need transport proteins to be move through the blood stream? cleave disulfide bonds - ANSWERSWhat does a reducing agent in SDS-Page do? LH - ANSWERShormone that triggers ovulation estrogen - ANSWERShormone produced by the ovaries; promotes female secondary sex characteristics progesterone - ANSWERSa steroid hormone released by the corpus luteum that stimulates the uterus to prepare for pregnancy. fats (ex: triglycerides, fatty acids) - ANSWERSwhat does bile break down? histone - ANSWERSprotein molecule around which DNA is tightly coiled in chromatin, eukaryotic cels, allow nucleosomes to form highly compact 30nm chromatin fibers cartilaginous - ANSWERSWhat type of growth plates are at the end of long bones that thicken the cartilage and then become ossified - grow via endochondral ossification centromere splitting - ANSWERSA key difference between Mitosis and Meiosis I phosphotase - ANSWERSenzyme that removes phosphate kinase - ANSWERSan enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of phosphate groups euchromatin - ANSWERSThe less condensed form of eukaryotic chromatin that is available for transcription. heterochromatin - ANSWERShighly compacted chromatin that is not accessible for transcription carboxylic acid, hydrocarbon - ANSWERSA fatty acid contains a ______________ head, and a ______________ tail protease - ANSWERSenzyme that digests protein does hydrolytic cleavage in a polypeptide chain endonuclease - ANSWERSAn enzyme that cleaves its nucleic acid substrate at internal sites in the nucleotide sequence. exonuclease - ANSWERSenzyme that cleaves off nucleotides, one at a time, from the end of the RNA ribonuclease - ANSWERSenzyme that breaks down RNA ectoderm - ANSWERSWhat germ layer is the mouth from? 1` - ANSWERSIn oxidative phosphorylation, cytochrome C acts as a __ electron carrier High, ends - ANSWERSSuitable primers have a low/high GC contents have G or C at the ______ (middle/ends) nondisjunction - ANSWERSError in meiosis in which homologous chromosomes fail to separate. Can occur during Meiosis I or Meiosis II during anaphase. L (D or other conformations will inhibit it) - ANSWERSWhat type of isomers are the only ones that can be used to form proteins during ribosomal protein synthesis? 38, 2 - ANSWERSIn aerobic conditions cellular respiration is used and produces _____ ATP, in anaerobic conditions fermentation is used and ______ ATP is produced. microfilament - ANSWERSWhat type of filament is actin? photoreceptors - ANSWERSvisual receptor cells in the retina that absorb light carbonic anhydrase - ANSWERSan enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of O2 + CO2 --> HCO3- lysosome - ANSWERScell organelle filled with enzymes needed to break down certain materials in the cell ~ degradation, macrophages bind to it after they have ingested foreign material no (0% chance of being inherited) - ANSWERSIs a deletion mutation or mutation related to a change in DNA genetic? splice acceptor site - ANSWERSsite at the end of an intron, intron 3' right end, extra part of a sequence that influences alternative splicing. gene promoter - ANSWERSthe place where RNA polymerase binds to the DNA to begin transcription - initiates transcription of a gene signal sequence - ANSWERSThe sequence within a protein that directs the protein to a particular organelle. nuclear localization signal - ANSWERSa sequence of amino acids on a protein that serve to direct that protein to the nucleus intron, promoter - ANSWERSWhat two things will mature RNA likely not have? Na+/K+ pump - ANSWERSmoves ions against their gradients to restore the resting membrane potential after an action potential transcription factor - ANSWERSA regulatory protein that binds to DNA and affects transcription of specific genes. lipid raft - ANSWERSA discrete plasma membrane domain formed as a cluster of cholesterol and sphingolipids. lipids assembled in a group in a defined patch in the cell membrane passive, pressure difference - ANSWERSThe initial step of filtration in the glomberulus of the kidney occurs by active or passive transport/flow and due to what? obligate parasites - ANSWERSunable to grow outside of a living host ex: human viruses increase - ANSWERSif a downstream response is inhibited an upstream response will decrease or increase? type 1 and type 2 - ANSWERSWhat type of diabetes will regular exercise help? type 1 (have impaired production of insulin, type 2 doesn't respond to it) - ANSWERSWhat type of diabetes will respond to additional insulin? endomembrane - ANSWERSsecreted proteins are cleaved into their mature form within what system? chaperone protein - ANSWERSMolecule that facilitates proper protein folding and inhibits the formation of nonfunctional protein aggregates. adhesion protein - ANSWERSprotein that helps cells stick together in animal tissues clathrin - ANSWERSa protein that plays a major role in the formation of coated vesicles The network of proteins t