CSET SUBTEST 1: History and Social Science TEST SOLUTIONS 100% PASS

CSET SUBTEST 1: History and Social Science TEST SOLUTIONS 100% PASS What led to development of early civilizations? - ANSWER Domestication and cultivation of crops which led to abandonment of nomadic hunting/gathering First 4 civilizations - ANSWER Mesopotamia, Egypt, India, China. Components of the Near East that allowed early civilizations. - ANSWER Compromised Tigris and Euphrates Valley, the Fertile Crescent, and the Nile Valley Cultural contributions of early civilizatios of the Near East - ANSWER - 1st system of independent states - 1st system of writing (cuneiform and hieroglyphics) - 1st massive architectural acheivements (ziggurat/pyramid) - 1st lasing monotheism - The beginning of science, math, and astronomy. - 1st codification of law Mesopotamia layout - ANSWER Southwest Asia, Tigris and Euphrates Rivers (Near East) Developments in Mesopotamia - ANSWER - Writing (Cuneiform) - Organized government - Written law code (Hammurabi's Code) - Systematized religion (Zoroastrianism) - Astronomy/astrology Early civilizations in Mesopotamia (6) - ANSWER Sumerians, Babylonians. Hittites, Assyrians, Chaldeans, Persians. Tell me about the Sumerians - ANSWER ( BC) - Creators of Mesopotamian civilization - Large scale irrigation projects, advanced math, invented the wheel - Ziggurat (center for community life) - Used Tigris and Euphrates rivers for trade and commerce Uses for a Ziggurat - ANSWER Temple, storehouse, treasury Tell me about the Babylonians - ANSWER (BC) - Conquered Sumeria - Code of Hammurabi (1st universal written codification of laws - Centralized government -Advancements in algebra and geometry Tell me about the Hittites - ANSWER (BC) - Conquered much of Asia Minor and northern Mesopotamia - Revolutionized warfare by invention of iron smelting Tell me about the Assyrians - ANSWER - Created an empire based on military superiority, conquest, and terrorism. - Used a centralized government, postal service, library, highways. - Originated in highland region of Upper Tigris River but grew to entire Fertile Crescent. Tell me about the Chaldeans. - ANSWER - Established the New Babylonian empire under Nebuchadnezzar (605-538 BC) - Conquered Mesopotamia, Syria, and Palestine - Developed astrology, astronomy, advanced government bureacracy, architectural achievements. Tell me about the Persians. - ANSWER - Attempted to unify the entire Near East under one rule - International government - Zoroastrianism: ethical religion based on concepts of good and evil - failed to conquer the Greeks, Persia eventually conquered by Alexander the Great (334-331BC) Geographical issues with Mesopotamia. - ANSWER - Floods were unpredictable and destructive - Flat plains invited invasion from foreign invaders. Bureaucratic government - ANSWER Kings ruled through the privileged class of nobles and priests Smaller Near East civilizations that made unique contributions - ANSWER Phoenicians, Lydians, Israelites Tell me about the Phoenicians - ANSWER - 1st explorers, traders, and colonizers of the anicent world, reached peak in 1000 BC - Invented 1st true alphabet - Dominated Mediterranean commerce and exported manufactured glass and purple dye. - Greatest seafaring civilization in the ancient world. - Developed extensive trade networks throughout the Mediterranean and set up distant trade networks & trading colonies such as Tyre and Sidon. Tell me about the Lydians. - ANSWER - Occupied western Asia minor (500s BC) - Culture reached zenith under Kin Croesus (Golden King) - Responsible for 1st coinage of money Tell me about the Israelites - ANSWER - Established the 1st lasting monotheism. - Saul established the 1st kingdom in Palestine (BC) - After death of Solomon (992 BC), Hebrews divided into two kingdoms (Isreal and Judal) - Disunity and conquest resulted in destruction of Israel (722 BC) and Judah (586 BC) - Revolt of Israelites against Rome resulted in destruction of Jerusalem (70 AD) and forced the dispersal of Jews from Palestine (132-135AD