FNDH 400 Exam 3 Questions and Answers (2022/2023) (Verified Answers)

FNDH 400 Exam 3 Questions and Answers (2022/2023) (Verified Answers) Where does the name Vitamin come from? Vital amines -- Vitamines, but when it was discovered they weren't amines, the E was dropped Fat soluble vitamins A, D, E, K Water Soluble Vitamins C, B What B vitamin numbers are missing? Why? B4, B8, B10, B11 Were discovered and then removed due to redudancy EV McCollum and vitamins Theorized fat-soluble factor A that deficiency led to ophthalmia (inflammation of the eye) and water-soluble factor B resulted in beriberi Factor A -- Vitamin A Factor B -- B1 and B2 (realized there were multiple B2s) Thiamin cofactor Thiamin Pyrophosphate (TPP) Riboflavin cofactor Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide (FAD) Flavin Mononucleotide (FMN) Niacin cofactor Nicotine Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD) Nicotine Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate (NADP) Pantothenic Acid cofactor Coenzyme A Vitamin B6 cofactor Pyridoxal Phosphate (PLP) Folate cofactor Tetrahydrofolate (THF) Vitamin B12 cofactor Adensosylcobalamin Methylcobalamin Most cofactors come from ___ vitamins B Why must we consume B vitamins? Cofactors Mineral amount classifcation Amount required Macromineral Trace Minerals Ultratrace Minerals DRIs EAR RDA AI UL Dietary guideliens Qualitative advice to the public about diet and chronic disease prevention and health maintenance DRI definition Quantitative advice to professionals about amounts of nutrients or food components to be of benefit Dietary guidelines vs DRI Qualitative for public vs. Quantitative for professionals RDA (Definition, Needs met, Set) Recommended Dietary Allowance Asses quality of people's diets Meets needs of 97.5% of the population Calculated using EAR (EAR + 2 standard deviations) EAR (Definition, Needs met, Set) Estimated Average Requirement Estimated quality of 50% of the population Requires applicable research Risk for inadequacy for EAR vs RDA .5 (50%) EAR .025 (25%) RDA Formula for setting RDA EAR + 2 standard deviations AI (Definition, Needs Met, Set) Adequate Intake Level that appears to be adequate in a defined population or subgroup Not research based Used for groups researchers are hesitant to test on (Infants, Pregnant Women, etc.) UL (Definition, Needs Met, Set) Tolerable Upper Intake Level Highest level of daily nutrient intake that is unlikely to pose risk of adverse health effects to almost all individuals of a population First sets a NOAEL and LOEAL and then UL set lower based on uncertainty factors NOAEL and LOAEL No observed adverse effect level Lowest observed adverse effect level *Note: Not DRI components, just measures needed for UL Most americans don't meet the EAR for which vitamins/minerals? A, C, E, Magnesium Antioxidant Vitamins and Minerals (8) Vitamin E Vitamin C Riboflavin Selenium Iron Copper Zinc Manganese * Primary function is as an antioxidant Antioxidant enzymes and their cofactors (O2-- ...) Superoxide (O2) --Superoxide Dismutase(Cu, Zn, Mn)-- Hydrogen Peroxide H2O2 --Catalase (Fe)/Glutathione Peroxidase(Se)-- Water H2O Free radical Molecule with unpaired electron in its outer orbital Why are free radicals dangerous? Highly reactive Can cause trouble depending on where it pulls electron LDL -- Atherosclerosis Proteins -- Cataracts DNA -- Cancer Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) An oxygen containing free radical species Oxidative Stress Imbalance between the production of ROS and the body's ability to quench them How do antioxidant vitamins and minerals quench free radicals? Vitamins: Donates an electron to a free radical Minerals: Acts as a cofactors for antioxidant enzymes Antioxidant Network Forms of different vitamins are oxidized to turn ROS into a stabilized oxygen species. That oxidized vitamin is then reduced by the next vitamin and so on Antioxidant network process (arrows) Oxidized (ROS + electron from alpha tocopherol) = stabilized OS Vitamin E (Alpha tocopherol radical + Ascorbate electron) = Alpha tocopherol and dehdryoascorbate) Vitamin C (Dehydroascorbate + Selenium elecron) = Ascorbate and Selenium radical) Selenium Cycle Antioxidant Network Process (words) Alpha-tocopherol (major form of vitamin E in our body) is oxidized, forming an alpha-tocopherol radical. This donation of an electron stabilizes reactive oxygen species. Ascorbate (vitamin C) is then oxidized, forming dehydroascorbate to regenerate (reduce) alpha-tocopherol. Ascorbate is then regenerated by the selenoenzyme thioredoxin reductase. This demonstrates how antioxidants can function as a network to regenerate one another so they can continue to function as antioxidants. Meaningful antioxidant must have two characteristics 1) At the right location (tissues) 2) Is not redundant (doesn't serve same function as another antioxidant) Example of meaningful antioxidants Lycopene was found to be more effective than alpha-tocopherol in quenching singlet oxygen. However, there is far more alpha-tocopherol produced in tissues where it is needed (right location) and lycopene serves a similar function (redundant). These two factors make alpha-tocopherol the meaningful antioxidant. ORAC defitniton Oxygen radical absorbance capacity ORAC use Supplements and food labels use ORAC for marketing purposes, but the USDA removed due to antioxidant capacity not affecting bioactive compouns ORAC meaningfulness Not meaningful, measures do not include bioavaliblity Can antioxidants be toxic Yes Vitamin E forms Tocopherols: saturated tails Tocotrienols: Unsaturated tail due to methyl group position Difference between alpha, beta, gamma, delta Vitamin Es Location of methyl group on ring Major function of Vitamin E Antioxidant When acts as an antioxidant, creates alpha-tocopherol radical (antioxidant network) Primary form of Vitamin E in body alpha-tocopherol How have manufacturers tried to protect the antioxidant function of alpha-tocopherol Add compounds to the site through ester bonds -- alpha tocopherol esters/derivitaves Examples of alpha-tocopherol derivitaves Alpha-tocopherol acetate Alpha-tocopherol succinate (Succinic acid) Alpha-tocopherol phosphate (Ester-E) Alpha-tocopherol derivative absorption Derivatives are cleaved prior to absorption in small intestine by esterases, meaning alpha-tocopherol is absorbed and not the deriviative Natural vs. synthetic alpha-tocopherol Natural: RRR Synthetic: Racemic mix of all possibilities (all-rac) Serum response of tocopherol types Alpha-tocopherol transfer protein in the liver prefers 2R-alpha-tocopherols and more readily incorporate them into VLDL -- Higher serum concentrations Gamma-tocopherols and tocotrienols experience same problems as synthetic tocopherols Does synthetic have 2R position?