AC-HPAT Prep Exam 100% Complete Answers

AC-HPAT Prep Exam 100% Complete Answers Most of the cell membrane's specific functions are controlled by: - ANSWER- Proteins Alcoholic Fermentation is a form of: - ANSWER- Anaerobic Respiration Phagocytosis is a form of: - ANSWER- Endocytosis What is a pyruvate? - ANSWER- Pyruvate is an important chemical compound in biochemistry. It is the output of the metabolism of glucose known as glycolysis. One molecule of glucose breaks down into two molecules of pyruvate, which are then used to provide further energy, in one of two ways. What are the small spherical bodies within a cell where proteins are assembled according to genetic instructions? - ANSWER- Ribosomes What is the structural and functional unit of life? - ANSWER- The cell What is a prokaryotic cell? - ANSWER- A cell that lacks a true nucleus and membranebound organelles What is a eukaryotic cell? - ANSWER- A cell that contains a nucleus and membranebound organelles What is cellular respiration? - ANSWER- A catabolic pathway for the production of ATP, in which sometimes oxygen is consumed as a reactant along with an organic fuel. At times, the process proceeds without oxygen, but this is less efficient. What is anaerobic respiration? - ANSWER- A form of cellular respiration that does not involve oxygen. What is aerobic respiration? - ANSWER- Form of cellular respiration which requires oxygen to generate energy. Name the four types of transport that allow small molecules to move across the cell membrane: - ANSWER- Diffusion, Osmosis, Active Transport, and Passive Transport. Prokaryotes often reproduce by: - ANSWER- Binary Fission What is binary fission? - ANSWER- A form of asexual reproduction in which the parent divides into two identical halves. What is cytokinesis? - ANSWER- The division of cytoplasm into two identical daughter cells, which occurs during the telophase stage of mitosis. What is a haploid cell? - ANSWER- A cell that contains one set of chromosomes What is a diploid cell? - ANSWER- A cell that contains two sets of chromosomes What is chromatin? - ANSWER- The substance of which eukaryotic chromosomes are composed, consisting of mostly proteins, DNA, and RNA. What is a centriole? - ANSWER- a cylindrical organelle near the nucleus in animal cells, occurring in pairs and involved in the development of spindle fibers in cell division. What is a chromosome? - ANSWER- A structure carrying genes is a linear sequence, found in the nucleus, consisting of DNA and protein. What is DNA? - ANSWER- A double-stranded, helical nucleic acid molecule capable of replicating and determining the inherited structure of a cell's proteins. It makes up the genetic material of most living organisms and plays a role in determining heredity. What is RNA? - ANSWER- A single-stranded nucleic acid molecule involved in protein synthesis. It is responsible for carrying the genetic code transcribed for DNA to specialized sites within the cell where the information is translated into protein composition. What is a nucleotide? - ANSWER- A nucleotide is the basic building block of nucleic acids. RNA and DNA are polymers made of long chains of nucleotides. A nucleotide consists of a sugar molecule (either ribose in RNA or deoxyribose in DNA) attached to a phosphate group and a nitrogen-containing base. What is transcription? - ANSWER- Transcription is the process by which the information in a strand of DNA is copied into a new molecule of messenger RNA (mRNA). ... This complex initiates transcription, and the RNA polymerase begins mRNA synthesis by matching complementary bases to the original DNA strand. What is translation? - ANSWER- Translation is the process by which a protein is synthesized from the information contained in a molecule of messenger RNA (mRNA). Translation occurs in a structure called the ribosome, which is a factory for the synthesis of proteins What is endocytosis and exocytosis? - ANSWER- Endocytosis is the process of capturing a substance or particle from outside the cell by engulfing it with the cell membrane, and bringing it into the cell. Exocytosis describes the process of vesicles fusing with the plasma membrane and releasing their contents to the outside of the cell