BIO 205 Exam 1 Study Guide Questions And Answers Solved 100% Correct!!

Robert Hooke - first to observe "small chambers" in cork and coined the term cells. Anton van Leeuwenhoek - A garment maker who created his own microscopes. Detailed descriptions of microorganisms and described bacteria for the first time. Francisco Redi - Used unsealed/sealed meat experiment with maggots to begin showing spontaneous generation wasn't true. Louis Pasteur - Swan neck flask, used heat to prevent microbes. Ended spontaneous generation debate. Developed germ theory of disease Robert Koch - Postulates to show causative agents of disease. Ignaz Semmelweis - Identified cause of puerperal fever in birthing clinics. Advocated importance of hand washing, wiped fever away. Joseph Lister - Surgeon who used antiseptic wound/incision/dressings to prevent wound infection after surgery. Florence Nightingale - Founded first nursing school. Introduced cleaning patients beds, clothes, and rooms to reduce infection. John Snow - Mapped cholera outbreak in London and found the source. Studied infection control and epidemiology. Edward Jenner - Innoculated a boy with pus from cowpox lesion (less aggressive form of smallpox), making the boy immune to smallpox. Smallpox vaccine.Paul Erhlich - Used chemicals to treat infection. Chemicals can differentiate bacteria. Foundation for chemotherapy. Trypanosomes & Treponema pallidum (syphillis) Cell - The basic unit of structure and function in living things Animalcules - Little animals or microbes, 1st seen in pond water by Leeuenhoek. Now known as microorganisms. Spontaneous Generation - Living matter arising from non-living matter (abiogenesis). Fermentation - The chemical action of yeast on sugars. Creates beer & wine. Germ Theory of Disease - Diseases result from microbial infection. Microbes are responsible for infection. Pathogen - A disease causing microorganism. Koch's Postulates - A sequence of 4 experimental steps for directly relating a specific microbe to a specific disease. Epidemiology - The study of where/when infectious diseases occur in a population and how they are transmitted/ maintained in nature. Vaccine - Substance prepared from killed or weakened pathogens and introduced into a body to produce immunity. Chemotherapy - The use of drugs to treat a disease. Francesco Redi's experiment - Using meat and maggots, Redi put meat in sealed/unsealed/and cloth covered jars. The experiment showed the maggots were not spontaneously generating in the meat. Proved "animals give rise to other animals"Pasteur's Swan Neck Experiment - step 1: flask with swan neck- air could come in, dirt could not, nothing grew in broth step 2: flask without neck, introduced dust, things grew. This disproved spontaneous generation Microbiota - Group of microbes in association with the human body. Established during birth and continues after. Ex. Normal flora Mold - Multi-cellular fungi that reproduces through spores. Yeast - Unicellular fungi that reproduces through buds. Pseudopodia - a temporary protrusion of the surface of an amoeboid cell for movement and feeding. Protozoa Cilia - Hairlike projections that extend from the plasma membrane and are used for locomotion in protozoa Flagella - A long, whip-like filament that helps in cell motility. Protozoa Peptidoglycan - Cell wall of prokaryotes, but NOT ARCHAEA. Made of a sugar polymer and polypeptide. 6 major groups of microorganisms - Fungi Protozoa Algae Helminths Bacteria/Archaea VirusFungi - A eukaryotic organism that has cell walls, and obtains its food from other organisms. Mold or Yeast. Diseases: Valley fever, Yeast infection (Candidiasis)