APPLIED BEHAVIOR ANALYSIS - SAFMEDS STUDY GUIDE 2024 WITH COMPLETE SOLUTION

APPLIED BEHAVIOR ANALYSIS - SAFMEDS STUDY GUIDE 2024 WITH COMPLETE SOLUTION A-B design - a two-phase experimental design consisting of a pretreatment baseline condition (A) followed by a treatment condition (B) A-B-A design - a three-phase experimental design consisting of an initial baseline phase (A) until steady state responding, an intervention phase (B) in which the treatment condition is implemented until the behavior has changed and steady state responding is obtained, and a return to baseline conditions (A) by withdrawing the independent variable to see whether responding "reverses" to levels observed in the initial baseline phase abative effect (of a motivating operation) - A decrease in the current frequency of behavior that has been reinforced by the stimulus that is increased in reinforcing effectiveness by the same motivating operation. For example, food ingestion abates (decreases the current frequency of) behavior that has been reinforced by food. Abolishing operation - A motivating operation that decreases the reinforcing effectiveness of a stimulus, object, or event. For example, the reinforcing effectiveness of food is abolished as a result of food ingestion Accuracy (of measurement) - The extent to which observed values, the data produced by measuring an event, match the true state, or true values, of the event as it exists in nature Alternative schedule (ALT) - Provides reinforcement when the response requirements of any of two or more simultaneously available component schedules are met. anecdotal observation - (ABC Recording) a form of direct, continuous observation in which the observer records a descriptive, temporally sequenced account of all behavior(s) of interest and the antecedent conditions and consequences for those behaviors as those events occur in the client's natural environment antecedent - An environmental condition or stimulus change existing or occurring prior to a behavior of interest. antecedent intervention - A behavior change strategy that manipulates antecedent stimuli based on (A) motivating operations (evocative & abative effects) (B) stimulus control and (C) contingency-independent interventions (protective equipment, restraint) Applied Behavior Analysis - The science in which tactics derived from the principles of behavior are applied to improve socially significant behavior and experimentation is used to identify the variables responsible for the improvement in behavior. arbitrary stimulus class - antecedent stimuli that evoke the same response but do not resemble each other in physical form or share a relational aspect such as bigger or under (e.g., peanuts, cheese, coconut milk, and chicken breasts are members of this if they evoke the response "source of protein" artifact - an outcome or result that appears to exist because of the way it is measured but in fact does not correspond to what actually occurred ascending baseline - A data path that shows an increasing trend in the response measure over time. audience - Anyone who functions as a discriminative stimulus evoking verbal behavior. autoclitic - The autoclitic relation involves two interlocking levels of verbal behavior emitted in one utterance. One level is a primary response (e.g., "The ice is solid"), while the other type is the secondary autoclitic response (e.g., adding "I think"). Autoclitic behavior benefits the listener by providing additional information regarding the primary response. automatic punishment - Punishment that occurs independent of the social mediation by others (i.e., a response product serves as a punisher independent of the social environment). automatic reinforcement - reinforcement that occurs independent of the social mediation of others automaticity of reinforcement - Refers to the fact that behavior is modified by its consequences irrespective of the person's awareness; a person does not have to recognize or verbalize the relation between her behavior and a reinforcing consequence, or even know that a consequence has occurred, for reinforcement to "work." aversive stimulus - In general, an unpleasant stimulus; more technically, a stimulus change or condition that functions (a) to evoke a behavior that has terminated it in the past; (b) as a punisher when presented following behavior, and/or (c) as a reinforcer when withdrawn following behavior. avoidance contingency - A contingency in which a response prevents or postpones the presentation of a stimulus. backup reinforcer - preferred items, activities, or privileges that participants obtain by exchanging earned tokens in a token economy backward chaining - a teaching procedure in which a trainer completes all but the last behavior in a chain, which is performed by the learner, who then receives reinforcement for completing the chain. When the learner shows competence in performing the final step in the chain, the trainer performs all but the last two behavior in the chain, the learner emits the final two steps to complete the chain to receive reinforcement. This sequence is continued until the learner completes the entire chain independently. backward chaining with leaps ahead - a backward chaining procedure in which some steps in the task analysis are skipped; used to increase the efficiency of teaching long behavior chains when there is evidence that the skipped steps are in the learner's repertoire bar graph - A simple and versatile graphic format for summarizing behavioral data; shares most of the line graph's features except that it does not have distinct data points representing successive response measures through time. Also called a histogram. baseline - A condition of an experiment in which the independent variable is not present; data obtained during baseline are the basis for determining the effects of the independent variable; a control condition that does not necessarily mean the absence of instruction or treatment, only the absence of a specific independent variable of experimental interest. baseline logic - a term sometimes used to refer to the experimental reasoning inherent in single subject experimental designs; entails three elements: prediction, verification, and replication. behavior - a portion of an organism's interaction with its environment that involves movement of some part of the organism behavior chain - A sequence of responses in which each response produces a stimulus change that functions as conditioned reinforcement for that response and as a discriminative stimulus for the next response in the chain; reinforcement for the last response in a chain maintains the reinforcing effectiveness of the stimulus changes produced by all previous responses in the chain. behavior chain interruption strategy - An intervention that relies on the participant's skill to initially perform all the critical elements of a chain independently, but the chain is then interrupted, or a link in the chain is made unavailable at a predetermined time, so that another behavior can be prompted or emitted. behavior chain with limited hold - A contingency that specifies a time interval by which a behavior chain must be completed for reinforcement to be delivered. behavior change tactic - A technologically consistent method for changing behavior derived from one or more principles of behavior (e.g., differential reinforcement of other behavior, response cost); possesses sufficient generality across subjects, settings, and/or behaviors to warrant its codification and dissemination. behavior-altering effect - either (a) an increase in the current frequency of behavior that has been reinforced by some stimulus, object, or event, called an evocative effect; or (b) a decrease in the current frequency of behavior that has been reinforced by some stimulus, object, or event, called an abative effect. For example, the current frequency of behavior that has been reinforced with food, such as opening the fridge, is evoked (increased) or abated (decreased) by food deprivation or food ingestion, respectively. behavioral assessment - a form of assessment that includes indirect and direct procedures such as interviews, checklists, and tests to identify and define specific target behavior. behavioral contrast - The phenomenon in which a change in one component of a multiple schedule that increases or decreases the rate of responding on that component is accompanied by a change in the response rate in the opposite direction on the other, unaltered component of the schedule. behavioral cusp - a behavior that has sudden and dramatic consequences that extend well beyond the idiosyncratic change itself because it exposes the person to new environments, reinforcers, contingencies, responses, and stimulus controls behavioral momentum - Describes the resistance to change in a behavior's rate of responding following an alteration in reinforcement conditions. The momentum metaphor has also been used to describe the effects produced by the high-probability (high-p) request sequence. brief functional analysis - An analysis in which only one or two 5 to 10-min sessions are conducted for each condition celeration - the change (acceleration or deceleration) in rate of responding over time chained schedule - a schedule of reinforcement in which the response requirements of two or more basic schedules must be met in a specific sequence before reinforcement is delivered; a discriminative stimulus is correlated with each component of the schedule chaining - various methods for linking specific sequences of stimuli and responses to form new performances changing criterion design - An experimental Design in which an initial baseline phase is followed by a series of treatment phases consisting of successive and gradually changing criteria for reinforcement or punishment. Experimental control is evidenced by the extent the level of responding changes to conform to each new criterion. codic - a type of verbal behavior where the form of the response is under the functional control of a verbal stimulus with point-to-point correspondence, but without formal similarity compound schedule - A schedule of reinforcement consisting of two or more elements of continuous reinforcement (CRF), the four intermittent schedules of reinforcement (FR, VR, FI, VI), differential reinforcement of various rates of responding (DRH, DRL), and extinction. The elements from these basic schedules can occur successively or simultaneously and with or without discriminative stimuli; reinforcement may be contingent on meeting the requirements of each element of the schedule independently or in combination with all elements. concept - a stimulus class whose members share a common set of features concurrent schedule - schedule of reinforcement in which 2 or more contingencies of reinforcement operates independently and simultaneously for 2 or more behaviors conditional discrimination - Performance in a match-to-sample procedure in which discrimination between the comparison stimuli is conditional on, or depends on, the sample stimulus present on each trial. conditional probability - the likelihood that a target behavior will occur in a given circumstance conditioned motivating operation (CMO) - A motivating operation whose value-altering effect depends on a learning history. For example, because of the relation between locked doors and keys, having to open a locked door is a CMO that makes keys more effective as reinforcers, and evokes behavior that has obtained such keys. conditioned negative reinforcer - A previously neutral stimulus change that functions as a negative reinforcer because of prior pairing with one or more negative reinforcers. conditioned punisher - A previously neutral stimulus change that functions as a punisher because of prior pairing with one or more other punishers. conditioned reinforcer - A stimulus change that functions as a reinforcer because of prior pairing with one or more other reinforcers; sometimes called secondary or learned reinforcer. conditioned stimulus - a formerly neutral stimulus change that elicits repsondent behavior onl after it has been paired with an unconditioned stimulus conflict of interest - A situation in which a person in a position of responsibility or trust has competing professional or personal interests that make it difficult to fulfill his or her duties impartially. confounding variable - An uncontrolled factor known or suspected to exert influence on the dependent variable. conjunctive schedule - A schedule of reinforcement that is in effect whenever reinforcement follows the completion of response requirements for two or more schedules of reinforcement. contingency - Refers to dependent and/or temporal relations between operant behavior and its controlling variables. contingency-shaped behavior - Behavior acquired by direct experience with contingencies. contingent - Describes reinforcement (or punishment) that is delivered only after the target behavior has occurred. continuous measurement - Measurement conducted in a manner such that all instances of the response class(es) of interest are detected during the observation period contrived contingency - Any contingency of reinforcement (or punishment) designed and implemented by a behavior analyst or practitioner to achieve the acquisition, maintenance, and/or generalization of a targeted behavior change. copying text - An elementary verbal operant involving a written response that is evoked by a written verbal discriminative stimulus that has formal similarity and a history of generalized reinforcement. count - a simple tally of the number of occurrences of a behavior cumulative record - A type of graph on which the cumulative number of responses emitted is represented on the vertical axis; the steeper the slope of the data path, the greater the response rate. data - the results or measurement, usually in quantifiable form data path - The level and trend of behavior between successive data points; created by drawing a straight line from the center of each data point in a given data set to the center of the next data point in the same set. dependent variable - the measured behavior in an experiment to determine if it changes as a result of manipulations of the independent variable