AICE Psychology Review Questions and Answers 100% Solved correctly

Milgram Sample - 40 white males aged 20 - 50 from New Haven CT and the surrounding area (Yale University) a. Wide range of education levels from one who did not complete elementary school to those with PhD's b. 15 skilled or unskilled laborers, 16 white collar or salesmen and 9 professionals c. They answered ads in a newspaper for a Yale study on memory and learning. d. They were paid $4.50 for their participation. 4.00 for participation and .50 for travel Milgram Results - Aims: 1. To investigate what level of obedience would be shown when participants were told by an authority figure to administer electric shocks to another person 2. This study was conducted as a PILOT study for one that Milgram intended to carry out in Germany 3. He believed that he would have lower levels of obedience in the US than in Germany Quantitative Results 1. All participants went to at least 300 volts on the shock generator 2. 65 % of participants went to the end and believed they had administered the full 450 volts 3. Average was 368 volts B. Qualitative Results the amount of stress and tension clearly observed in the participants. Signs of anxiety included sweating, trembling, stuttering, biting their lips, groaning, digging their fingernails into their flesh, and having of nervous laughing fit. 3 subjects had seizures Piliavin Sample - Subway 'participants'43- avg # of riders per section (carriage) 8.5-avg # of riders in 'critical area' roughly 55% white & 45% black estimated 4,500 people overall (opportunity sample) Piliavin Results - Aim: to investigate whether diffusion of responsibility applies in all situations and what other factors might influence helping behaviour Cane victim- 100% help w/out model (62/62) -100% help w/model (3/3) -=95% spontaneous help of total trials (62/65) -avg of 5 seconds to help Drunk victim- 86% help w/out model (19/22) -75% help w/model (12/16) -=50% spontaneous help of total trials (19/38) -avg of 109 seconds to help Black victims received less help less quickly (especially in drunk condition) F. Neither race was more helpful overall... 1. BUT there was a slight 'same race effect' where whites were more likely to help the white victim (most noticeable in drunk condition among blacks too) G. Men were significantly more likely to help (90% of first helpers) In 20% of the trials, subway riders moved away from the critical area (34 people) -mostly females, noting their size/strengthYamamoto Sample - opportunity sample of 5 mother offspring pairs IV: "Can See" & "Cannot See" conditions Yamamoto Results - A1: To investigate whether chimpanzees have the ability and flexibility to help another chimpanzee depending on its specific needs. A2: The research team had also noted that chimpanzees seldom help others without being asked and the team wanted to investigate this too. In first "Can See" condition, irrespective of which tool was chosen, 90.8% of trials, something was offered from the box to help with the task Of these offers, 90% came after the other chimp requested help In the "Cannot See" condition, 95.8% time chimp offered something from the box Of these, 71.7% came after the request In the second "Can See", Only 3 chimps were tested (Ai, Cleo, Pal) 97.4% trials, something was offered from the box, with upon-request offers accounting for 79.4% Stick or straw were offered most frequently first (Ai 81.3%; Cleo 95.7%; Pal 100% They correct tool needed most often Bandura Sample - Subjects: 72 total- 1:1 M:F, 36 boys and 36 girls from the Stanford University Nursery School Age Range: 37-69 months old, x=52 months (3 years to almost 6 years old) Bandura Results - Aim: To demonstrate that learning can occur through mere observation of a model and that imitation can occur in the absence of that model Children from the aggressive model group showed significantly more imitation of the model's physical & verbal aggression and non-aggressive verbal responses (H1)Children from the aggressive model group showed more partial imitation & non-imitative physical & verbal aggression (but not to a sig. degree) (H1) Children from the non-aggressive model group showed very little aggression (but not always sig. less than the control)(H2) In the non-aggressive group, the male model had a significant inhibiting effect on the children (H2) Boys displayed sig. more imitative physical & verbal aggression with male model Girls displayed more verbal imitative aggression & non-imitative aggression with female model (but a not sig. diff.) (H4) Saavedra Sample - 9 year old Hispanic American Boy Sampling Technique: Opportunity Saavedra Results - Aim: To use exposure therapy to treat a Specific Phobia in a child with emotions of fear and disgust related to buttons. No longer qualified for Diagnosis of Specific Phobia under DSM-IV Minimal distress about buttons and more willing to approach buttons was found The boy continued wearing clear plastic buttons on school uniform Two key results: Where boy had to imagine 100's of buttons falling on him, he rated experience as an 8 at beginning, 5 midway and 3 by the end. Where boy had to hug mother wearing shirt with many buttons, distress ratings went from 7 to 4 to 3 respectively. (Imagery sessions) Pepperberg Sample - one African Grey parrot named Alex While this study required 26 months of training, Pepperberg had been working with him since 1977 (he lived from 1976 to 2007) *opportunity sample*Pepperberg Results - Aim: could a parrot use vocalizations to demonstrate an understanding of the concepts 'same' and 'different'. Familiar: (69.7%) correct responses - first trials ONLY 76.7%) correct responses overall - first trials AND correction procedures Novel: 82.3%) correct responses - first trials 85%) correct responses - overall - first trials AND correction procedures