ocean 100 sacramentogrilo final exam Questions and Answers 100% Solved correctly

biological productivity - Answer-synthesis of organic materials from inorganic substances by photosynthesis/chemosynthesis what are the inputs & outputs of photosynthesis? - Answer-inputs: water, carbon dioxide, & sun energy outputs: sugar & oxygen (6H2O + 6CO2 + sunlight - > C6H12O6 + 6O2) what are the different types of light penetration in the oceans? - Answer-1. red/orange = turned into heat energy b/c they cannot reach all the way down 2. green/blue/purple = farthest reaching light euphotic zone - Answer-light zone; extends from the surface down to the compensation depth for photosynthesis, which is approx. 200m (330ft) in the open ocean what are the 3 broad groups of sea "plants"? - Answer-1. seed plants (true plants) 2. protists 3. cyanobacteria seed plants (true plants) - Answer-1. eukaryotic 2. occur exclusively in shallow coastal areas 3. typically found in high-energy environments (intertidal zones) 4. ex. grasses & mangroves protists - Answer-1. eukaryotic 2. ex. large algae (brown, green, & red), phytoplankton, diatoms, coccolithophores, & dinoflagellates cyanobacteria - Answer-1. prokaryotic 2. FIRST photosynthesizers (3.5bya)3. ex. blue/green algae why are seed "plants" (true plants) all autotrophs? - Answer-they produce their own food what is taken from algae for our use? which kind? - Answer-carrageenan, which is used as a thickener & emulsifier, is derived from RED algae what regions have high productivity? why? - Answer-1. polar regions b/c there is NO thermocline (waters are constantly upwelling & downwelling b/c it is cold) 2. coastal regions b/c of upwelling due to ekman flow & nutrients from land 3. coral reefs what regions have low productivity? why? - Answer-subtropical regions b/c there is a STABLE thermocline & far away from land (does not get nutrients) what is the most abundant of all sea "plants"? - Answer-phytoplankton what are the trophic levels in order (top to bottom)? - Answer-1. top predators 2. secondary consumers 3. primary consumers 4. primary producers how much energy is lost & absorbed per trophic level? - Answer-10% is absorbed, 90% is lost autotrophs - Answer-1. producers 2. photosynthetic 3. produce their own food heterotrophs - Answer-1. consumers 2. all animals3. must consume other organisms what are some examples of vertebrates? - Answer-1. amphibians 2. reptiles 3. fish 4. birds 5. mammals how do marine animals, especially fish, adapt to the marine environment? - Answer-1. swimming/buoyancy 2. avoiding predators 3. gas exchange how do marine animals use swimming/bouyancy to adapt to the marine environment? - Answer-1. streamlined shape reduces water drag 2. fish have fins, while mammals have modified limbs how do marine animals avoid predators to adapt to the marine environment? - Answer-1. schooling 2. camouflage 3. armor plates/spines 4. stinging cells 5. speed 6. symbiotic relationships (clownfish & sea anemone) how do marine animals use gas exchange to adapt to the marine environment? - Answer-1. take in oxygen & eliminate carbon dioxide through diffusion 2. mammals do this through lungs (whales have blowholes) diffusion - Answer-high concentration - > low concentrationsymbiotic mutualism - Answer-when BOTH organisms benefit from each other what are some adaptions of deep sea fishes? - Answer-1. big eyes 2. large mouth, sharp teeth 3. expandable bodies 4. bio-luminescent 5. males permanently attached to females (angler fish)