SDSU Ocean 100 Final SacramentoGrilo Questions and Answers 100% Solved correctly

origin of earth - Answer-• Supernova: death of a star (great explosion) • Supernova happened 4.6 bya, dust and gas flattens to a disk and spins faster due to gravity and solar nebula formed. • Solar Nebula: describes formation of Earth 4.5 bya • Nebula: gas cloud origin of oceans - Answer-• volcanic explosion, H2O condensed and rained down for thousands of years to create oceans • icy comets hitting earth (responsible for 1/2 of earths ocean water) origin of life - Answer-• 4.5 bya solar system formed • about 4 billion years ago bacteria (in rocks) • 2.5 bya photosynthetic organisms (algae) formed and put out O2 which lead to the development of plants which put out O2 leading to development of animals • 600 mya animals earths internal layers - Answer-• lithosphere: - outermost layer of earth - first 100km of crust - strong, rigid, brittle - contains all the crust and outermost layer of the mantle• asthenosphere: - plastic, 600km - upper mantle - very hot - allows plates to move over it -ductile - directly below lithosphere • mesosphere: - lower mantle - outer core (liquid) + inner core (rigid) Energy - Answer-• kinetic: energy of motion • heat: movement from hot to cold - sources → sun, geothermal (heat from within the earth) • kinetic + heat energy drive everything that happens on the surface of the earth density - Answer-• the relationship between mass and volume • colder water = more dense (molecules closer together) - thermal contraction - polar & sub polar regions - lower energy • warmer water = less dense (molecules are farther part) - thermal expansion- equatorial & sub equatorial regions - high energy • oceanic crust (basalt) denser than continental crust (granite) convection - Answer-• movement of liquid, gas, & viscous solid • hot, less dense air/water rises •cold, more dense air/water sinks bioaccumulation - Answer-• the build up of a substance (usually a toxin) as it passes through a food chain • top of the food chain has most concentration of substance (mercury for example) biodegradation - Answer-• the breaking down of dead organic matter by living organisms such as bacteria • biodegradable → nature can break it down photo-degradation - Answer-a polymer that can be broken down by the sun (like plastic) diffusion - Answer-• movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration • oxygen enters fishes gills at a high concentration from water to low concentration in their blood plate tectonic principles (evidence?) - Answer-1. continental drift • pangea (super continent during early years of Earth)• break up of continent → asthenosphere melts & pushes land apart 2. echo sounding & sonar • shallowest in the middle of oceans 3. seafloor spreading • mid-ocean ridges • rocks rise from center & creates plates 4. age of seafloor • youngest → mid ocean ridges • oldest → closer to continents 5. earths magnetic field • rocks at ridges capture the energy of magnetic fields 6. distribution of earthquakes • most at pacific rim • generally happen at plate boundaries 7. distribution of volcanoes • near pacific rim (pacific rim of fire) • volcanoes at convergent plate boundaries 3 plate boundaries - Answer-divergent - plates going apart convergent - plates colliding transform - plates slide side by sidedivergent boundary - Answer-• where two plates are moving apart, magma comes up to create new crust • huge volcanic mountain chain under the oceans • East Pacific Rise, Mid-Atlantic Ridge, Iceland • Sea floor spreading convergent boundary - Answer-• plates collide causing one to subduct (denser one goes under) • volcanic arc • two types : 1. oceanic-continental • subduction zone, deep sea trenches, landslides, earthquakes, volcanoes, tsunamis • andes, japan, cascades 2. continental collision • no subduction, largest mountain come from continental collision • Himalayas transform boundary - Answer-• plates that slide past each other in opposite directions horizontally • east pacific rise, st. andreas fault trenches - Answer-• deepest parts of the oceans• mariana trench → deepest trench plate boundary for San Diego - Answer-transform; the St. Andreas Fault which direction are you moving? - Answer-(pacific plate) northwest hot spots - Answer-• deep mantle plume of hot rock that rises with convection and forms a volcano • don't move: plates move NW • hawaii the 3 marine provinces - Answer-1. continental margins (active & passive) 2. deep ocean basin (abyssal plain & volcanic peaks) 3. mid ocean ridges active margin - Answer-• margin of continent at plate boundary • convergent active → oceanic-continental, W coast of South America, Pacific NW of US • transform active → offshore faults parallel to plate boundary • high tectonic activity abyssal plain - Answer-• flattest region on earth • mostly in Atlantic & Indian Ocean