SDSU Oceanography 100 FINAL Questions With Correct Solutions, Already Passed!!

What is the origin of the Earth? - Answer-Formed out of a solar nebula What are the origins of Life? - Answer-Archaea - the oldest origin of life on Earth What is kinetic energy? - Answer-The energy of motion What is heat energy? - Answer-Energy created by particles of matter rubbing together What is density? - Answer-A measurement of the amount of matter in a given volume of something. (mass per unit volume) What is convection? - Answer-Transfer of heat through currents caused by difference in temperature, which cause difference in density (liquids and gases). What is bioaccumulation? - Answer-as you go up the base of the food chain, the level of mercury is more concentrated than the base of the food chain How does biodegradation work? - Answer-Nature can decompose the pollutant because it is made by the earth itself How does photo-degradation work? - Answer-Plastic degraded by sun, meaning it gets smaller What is diffusion? - Answer-going from a high concentration to a low concentration What are the 3 plate boundaries? - Answer-Divergent, Convergent, Transform Where are trenches located? - Answer-At subduction zonesWhat are hot spots? - Answer-Volcanic centers resulting from hot materials produced deep in the mantel What is our plate boundary here in San Diego? - Answer-Transform Boundary Where is our plate boundary located? - Answer-San Andreas Fault In which direction are we moving, considering moving plates? - Answer-Northwest What are the 2 continental margins of Marine Provinces and where are they found? - Answer-1. Passive Margin: within a plate, little tectonic activity, larger shelf, Atlantic-type 2. Active Margin: at a plate boundary, narrow shelf, active tectonics, Pacific-type What are the characteristics of the water molecule? - Answer-2 Hydrogen, 1 Oxygen Why is water polar? - Answer-Hydrogen is positive and oxygen is negative (opposites attract) What is the heat capacity of seawater? - Answer-4.19 Joules What is the density of seawater? - Answer-1 g/cm^3 What are the characteristics of the atmosphere? - Answer-Troposphere, Stratosphere, Mesosphere, Thermosphere, exosphere What is the Hadley Cell? - Answer-Warm air rises at the equator and cools/sinks as it approaches 30° Explain the Coriolis Effect - Answer-Causes moving air and water to turn left in the southern hemisphere; right in the northern hemisphere due to Earth's rotation.What are the two types of surface currents? - Answer-Surface Currents: wind-driven, move water horizontally Deepwater Currents: density driven, move water vertically Describe Shallow Water Waves - Answer-Water depth of < 1/20 length; they drag on the bottom Ex) Tsunamis and tides Describe Deep Water Waves - Answer-Water depth of > 1/2 length; waves do not touch the bottom Ex) Wind Waves What is a tsunami? - Answer-A long high sea wave caused by an earthquake, submarine landslide, or other disturbance What are the two types of coasts and its characteristics? - Answer-1. Depositional Coast: flat coast, deltas, barrier islands, passive margin, submergent coasts (sinking) 2. Erosional Coast: tectonic uplift, active margin, sea caves, stacks, arches Contrast the Atlantic, Gulf and Pacific coasts - Answer-Atlantic coast: depositional, passive margin, no plate boundary. Shoreline rises and ocean migrates inland. Pacific coast: erosional, active margin. Shoreline rises and ocean does not migrate inland Name the 4 types of pollution sources - Answer-Petroleum, Plastic, Heavy Metals, Sewage What are the 3 domains? - Answer-1. Bacteria2. Archaea 3. Eukaryote What are the 6 kingdoms? - Answer-1. Archaea 2. Bacteria 3. Protista 4. Fungi 5. Plantae 6. Animalia Explain Evolution by Natural Selection - Answer-Genetic change in species: adaptation to an environment that leads to speciation (passing genes); challenging environment produces more species What are the 3 types of organisms in the Marine environment? Describe each - Answer-1. Plankton: floaters 2. Nekton: swimmers 3: Benthic: bottom dwellers In which environment do we see most diversity? - Answer-Benthic; 90% of all oceanic species What is biological productivity? - Answer-The rate at which biomass accumulates in an ecosystem What is photosynthesis and its inputs and outputs? - Answer-Inputs: Carbon Dioxide, water, sunlight Outputs: Glucose, oxygen 6CO2 + 6H2O + sunlight -> C6H12O6 + 6O2What is the euphotic zone? - Answer-The depth of the water in a lake or ocean that is exposed to sufficient sunlight for photosynthesis to occur. Almost all of primary productivity occurs in this zone What are the sea "plants"? - Answer-Protists: Algae and Bacteria What are the 3 groups of Marine sea plants? - Answer-1. Seed Plants: attached to ground with root system 2. Protists: Large algae (seaweed), Brown Algae (green and red kelp) 3. Phytoplankton: Diatoms, coccolithophores, and dinoflagellates; most producers What is being taken out of algae for our use? - Answer-Carrageenan: a substance extracted from red and purple seaweeds, consisting of a mixture of polysaccharides. It is used as a thickening or emulsifying agent in food products What is the energy flow through a biological system? - Answer-Sun - Producers - Consumers - Decomposers The process of the loss of energy as food travels through organisms beginning with consumer, losing 10% of energy each time, and ending with a higher level consumer What are autotrophs and why? - Answer-Primary producers. They are the first producers of energy-rich food compounds that are used by other organisms What are heterotrophs and why? - Answer-Organisms that obtain their nutrients by consuming other organisms because they cannot produce their own food How efficient is the uptake of energy at each trophic level? - Answer-90% of energy level is lost at each trophic level due to heat, the next level only consumes 10%What is the goal of all animals? - Answer-To pass their genes down to the next generation, survive, and eat What are the adaptions to the Marine Environment? - Answer-1. Swimming/Buoyancy 2. Avoid Predators 3. Gas exchange (purpose of gills) What are the adaptions of deep sea fishes? - Answer-○ Good senses (no eyes/eyes to see in dark) ○ Largemouth sharp teeth ○ Expandable bodies ○ Bioluminescence (ability to make light) ○ Male permanently attached to female Describe a Symbiotic Relationship and give an example - Answer-When there is a relationship between two organisms and they both benefit each other Ex) Angler Fish: Bioluminescence provided by bacteria in the water Describe the Osteichthyes (Bony Fishes) - Answer-○ Most successful group in the oceans ○ Great diversity, adaptations, habitats ○ Bone skeletons Describe the Chondrichthyes (Cartilaginous Fishes) - Answer-○ Cartilage Skeleton ○ Sharks (Great White), Rays What do we know about Sharks? - Answer-1. 80% of all species not dangerous ■ 5-15 people killed per year ■ 100 million sharks killed per year2. Remarkable senses: Lateral Line ○ vibrations 3. Very successful, well - adapted fishes ○ Evolved over 400 million years ago Where do shark attacks mostly take place and why? - Answer-Shark Attacks happen mostly in the USA, Australia, South Africa. Sharks mistake humans for seals What are some characteristics of Marine Mammals? - Answer-- Mammary Glands(milk production, boob) - Hair/Fur - Live young - streamlined body - large with high metabolism What are the 2 subgroups of Cetacea? - Answer-1. Odontoceti - toothed whales Active Predators, Echolocation Ex) Killer whale, sperm whale, dolphin 2. Mysticeti - Baleen Whales Rows of baleen trap krill, small fish Ex) Blue, Humpback, Grey What are the 2 subgroups of Pinnipedia? - Answer-1. Eared Seals - you can see their ears Ex) Fur Seal, California Sea Lions2. True Seals- can't really walk and can't really see their ears; better swimmers Ex) Elephant Seal, Harbor Seal, Harp Seal, Leopard Seal Describe Sirenia - Answer-- All herbivorous - Evolved from Elephant - In decline Ex) Manatee & Dugong What happens in the grey whale migration? - Answer-It goes from Mexico (winter breeding grounds) to Alaska (feeding grounds). They travel 22.000 kilometers What is echolocation? - Answer-Sound that travels very fast in the ocean. Ex) Whales use it in order to find their prey by sending a sound. When it hits a smaller fish, the sound travels back to the whale What are characteristics and examples of Overfishing? - Answer-fish harvested faster than natural reproduction rate Ex) USA: 80% of all commercial stocks have declined What are characteristics and examples of Bycatch? - Answer-animals killed during fishing of commercial species Ex) Birds, turtles, sharks, dolphins What are characteristics and examples of Drift Nets? - Answer-Long fishing nets endangering animals by entanglementEx) Japan, Korea, Taiwan use them illegally What has whaling done to large whale populations? - Answer-Whaling has caused 12 whale species to go near extinction What are some uses of whales in the human industry? - Answer-- Lamps were fueled with whale fat - Corsets (made from the baleen whale) - Perfumes (Baleen Oil) - Candles, Waxes - Meat Consumption - Fertilizer - Lipstick - Sugar, Margarine