ocean 100 sacramentogrilo final exam Questions With Complete Solutions Graded A+

The Earth - origin of Earth, oceans, life; the Earth's internal layers... - origin of Earth, oceans, life; the Earth's internal layers... Origin of Earth, Oceans, Life: • Earth: Supernova (explosion of a star-4.6 bya)- earth (nebula made of gas and dust) was formed 4.5 billion years ago. • Oceans: Volcanic expulsion, rained for thousands of years then hit by icy comets; volcanic outgassing and ice from comets • Life: 3.7 billion years ago life was created- animals have been around for 600 million yearsphotosynthetic organisms - 2.5 billion years ago. The Earth's Internal Layers • Lithosphere (rigid and brittle): crust and top mantle (100 km) • Asthenosphere (hot, plastic region, 600 km): beneath lithosphere, where convection is thought to occur. • Mesosphere (lower mantle): outer core, inner core Lithosphere (rigid) → Asthenosphere (plastic)→ Mesosphere (rigid)→ Outer Core (liquid)→ Inner Core (rigid) Know physical concepts such as energy (kinetic, heat), density, convection, bioaccumulation, biodegradation, photo-degradation, diffusion... - Physical Concepts Energy (Kinetic, Heat)- the ability or capacity to do work or cause changes Kinetic energy: Energy of motion Heat energy: energy transfer heat from hot to coldDensity (mass per unit volume) Density: relationship between mass of a substance/how much space it takes up Colder is Denser oceanic crust is (basalt) thinner and more dense continental crust (granite) is thicker and less dense Convection Means of heat energy transfer Physical movement of liquid - gas - solid sinking of cold air because it's denser, rising of hot air b/c less dense Bioaccumulation Bioaccumulation: ex: bigger fish eat smaller fish with contamination (little fish is contaminated, then bigger fish is contaminated b/c he ate little fish) --- or as you go up the base of the food chain, the level of mercury is more concentrated than the base of the food chain The ability of a pollutant to increase in concentration all the way up a food chain. Biodegradation Biodegradation: process by which organic substances are decomposed by microorganisms (plastic is NOT biodegradable) - nature can break it apart and can be used again Photo-degradation Photo-degradation: when the sun breaks things down to make them smaller... plastic is broken down by the sun but only into smaller particles so animals confuse them for food Diffusion Diffusion: molecules go from high concentration to low concentration Example 1: When cooking pasta, the water diffuses into the noodles, making them bigger and more moist.Example 2: Gas exchange of Co2.... there is a higher concentration of Co2 in the water, as the fish breathes there is a lower concentration of Co2 in the blood Plate Tectonics - major Plate Tectonic principles; What are the 3 plate boundaries? ... Where are trenches?... What is our plate boundary here in San Diego? Where is it?... In which direction are you moving?... What are hot spots? - Continental drift pangea (supercontinent during early years of Earth) break up of continent → asthenosphere melts & pushes land apart initial hypothesis by Wegener and his evidence Echo Sounding and Sonar (velocity of sound) x (time)/2 shallowest in the middle of oceans Seafloor Spreading mid-ocean ridges rocks rise from center & creates plates Ages of the ocean floor youngest → mid ocean ridges oldest → closer to coast & continents (Deeper) Earth's magnetic field rocks at ridges capture the energy of magnetic fields get increasingly older as they move further away from ridge Plate boundaries (convergent, divergent, transform) World distribution of earthquakes The distribution is not random, most at pacific rim Earthquakes are mostly distributed in the ridges b/c when the oceanic lithosphere is going under the other oceanic lithosphere, the sliding of the rocks make the earthquakegenerally happen at plate boundaries World distribution of volcanoes generally happen at convergent plate boundaries Convergent → ← Subduction zones (forms trenches) (one plate overlapping another; i.e. tsunamis, earthquakes) Divergent ← → Mid-Ocean Ridges 2 plates move apart (sea floor spreading) (plates separate; i.e volcanos) Transform |^|/| - plates slide by opposite directions horizontally (san andreas fault)