Pathophysiology Exam 1 Rasmussen University (Quizzes With Correct Ans) Already Passed!!

Stages of general adaptation syndrome - 1. Alarm Initial reaction Sympathetic nervous system 2. Resistance Adaptation Limit stressor 3. Exhaustion Adaptation failing Disease develops Edema - Excess fluid in the interstitial space Dehydration (ECF volume deficit) - Can occur independently without electrolyte defects Decrease in fluid level leads to increase in level of blood solutes Cell shrinkage Hypotension Hypovolemia or fluid volume deficit - Decreased fluid in the intravascular space Hypotonic Hydration - (fluid overload) Causes of Fluid Deficit - Inadequate fluid intakePoor oral intake Inadequate IV fluid replacement Excessive fluid or sodium losses: Gastrointestinal losses Excessive diaphoresis Prolonged hyperventilation Hemorrhage Nephrosis Diabetes mellitus Diabetes insipidus Burns Open wounds Ascites Effusions Excessive use of diuretics Osmotic diuresis Deydration Manisfestations - thirst, altered level of consciousness, hypotension, tachycardia, weak and thready pulse, flat jugular veins, dry mucous membranes, decreased skin turgor, oliguria, weight loss, and sunken fontanelles Cancer Benign - Slow, progressive, localized, well defined, resembles host (more differentiated), grows by expansion, does not usually cause death Cancer Malignant - Rapid growing, spreads (metastasis) quickly, fatal, highly undifferentiated Sodium - Normal range: 135-145 mEq/L. • Most significant cation and prevalent electrolyte of extracellular fluid. • Controls serum osmolality and water balance. Plays a role in acid-base balance. • Facilitates muscles and nerve impulses. • Main source is dietary intake. • Excreted through the kidneys and gastrointestinal tract. Hypernatremia - Sodium > 145 mEq/L Serum osmolarity increases • Results in fluid shiftsCauses of Hypernatremia - Excessive sodium ingestion Hypertonic IV saline (3% saline) administration Cushing's syndrome Corticosteroid use Diarrhea Excessive sweating Prolonged episode of hyperventilation Diuretic use Diabetes insipidus Decreased water ingestion Loss of thirst sensation Inability to drink water Third spacing Vomiting