Sociology 1301 Exam 1 - Whetstone questions and answers graded A+

sociology - the study of human behaivor in a society -shapes what people do nd how they think -scientific way of thinking about society and its influence on human groups sociologist tools - observation reasoning logical analysis disciplines of sociology - social sciences: psychology, sociology, anthropology C. Wright Mills wrote about sociological perspectives - coined the term sociological imagination -ability to see the societal patterns that influence the individual as well as groups of individuals debunking - looking behind the facades of everyday life peter berger finds it important to examine controversial topics with an open mind, even when they see the most disquieting facts functionalism - concerned with the stability and shared public values of the culture or the society conflict theory - a person or groups ability to exercise influence and control over others society is comprised of groups that compete for social and economic resources symbolic interaction theory - focuses on immediate social interaction to be the place where "society" exists --studies the ways groups of people, cultures, and societies assign different meaning to behavior, event, or things*these theorists emphasize face-to-face interaction and pay attention to words, gestures, and symbols Microsociology sociology first emerged as discipline where? - western europe during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries Auguste Comte - the father of sociology -bleieved that society could be studied scientifically(positivism) Emile' Durkheim - -focused on forces that held society together called social solidarity -viewed society as larger than the sum of its parts "external to the individual" functionalist -social facts-external to the individual, exercise consraints on individual behaviors -worked on suicide--not purel a personal trouble rates higher in societies where norms were unclear or contradictory(normlessness/anomie) Karl Marx - work was devoted to explaining how capitalism shaped society Max Weber - expanded on marx's thinking--said society had 3 basic dimensions: political, economic, and cultural --concerned with how ideas and how they shaped society --did NOT advocate political activism Tocqueville - french politician, scholar, and historian -traveled to and studied US polical systme -felt that Ameicans had little independence of mind Martineau - fascinated by newly emerging American culture-wrote book called Society in America and about how to observe behavior as a participant Social structure - the patterns of social relationships and social institutions that make up society social institutions - an established and organized system of social behavior with a recognized purpose social change - the alteration of social interaction, social institutions, stratification systems, and elements of culture over time social interaction - behavior between two or more people that is given meaning C. Wright Mills Trouble - private problems that affect one individual step one the research process - develop a research question mitch duneier completed what type of research? - participant observation: a sociological research technique in which the researcher actually beoes simultaneously both participant in and ovserver of that which she or he studies what is the hawthorne-effect? - know being studied-change behavior serendipity - unantiipated, yet informative, results of a research study replication study - research that is repated, but on a different group, time, or place -found in step 1 generalization - the ability to draw conclusions from specific data and to apply them to a broader population -found in step 5what is the difference between microanalysis and macroanalysis - micro-the study of smaller, less complex, and les differentiated interactons suc has talking on the cell phone or emailing your friend macro--systems approach used when examining large, complex, and highly differentiated patterns of social interactionthat occur in organization such as: bureaucracies, societies, and b/w different cultures, and groups social organizations - the order established in social groups achieved status - status in rank in society in the result of individual effort ascribed status - given at birth role modeling - imitating or copying th way someone else in that role behaves role set - all the roles occupied by the person at a given time role conflict - when two or more roles impose confliction demands and expectations (dad being a a husband and a studen simultaniously) interaction in cyberspace - application of Goffmans principle of impression managment. the person can put forward a totally different and wholly creted self, or identity deviance and conformists non-verbal communication - used more than verbal bahavior body positiom, head nods, eye contact, facial expressions, touching -meanings depend heavily on race, ethicity, social class, and gender proxemic communication - meaning conveyed by the amount of space between interacting individualswhat holds society together? - social structures- the organized pattern of social relationships and social institutions that together compse society gemeinschaft - community Gesellschaft - society Arlie Hoschild refers to the "second shift" - men are more involved in housework and child care than has been true in the past, alothough the bulk of this work still falls to women dyad - a two person group(stable) triad - a three person group (unstable) primary groups - social colleectives or membershop groups consisting of intimate, face-to-face interaction, relatively long-lasting relationshops and serves memers expressive (emotional) needs. -these groups have powerful influence on members and help shape the individuals personality and selfidentity ex. family and peers such as street gangs, classmates, and prisoners secondary groups - social collectives or embership groups that are larger in size than primary groups, less intimate, and less long lasting in duration -less significat in the emotional lives of the people and serve their instrumental (task-orientented) needs george simmel - discovered the group size effect: observered how group size influences the behavior of the participants charles horton cooley - saw the self developing in response to the expectations and judgemetns of others in their social environments--symbolic interactionists introduced the cocept of primary group