MDC 2 EXAM 1
Benign cells - ANSNormal cells growing in the wrong place or at the wrong time
Benign Cell Features - ANSo Harmless
o Do not usually require intervention
o Slow growing
o Tight Adherence
o Specific morphology
o Small nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio
o Specific differentiated functions
o Tight adherence
o Orderly growth
o No migration
o Normal chromosomes
Benign cell looks similar to a - ANShealthy cell
Examples of Benign cells - ANSo Skin Tag
o Mole
o Nasal Polyp
o Uterine Fibroids
o Endometriosis
Malignant cells - ANSindicates cancer and can be harmful to normal body tissues and result in
death
Malignant cell features - ANSo Large nucleus
o Migration
o Doesn't stop and replicates (No contact inhibition)
o Loose adherence
o Rapid or continuous cell division
o Loss of cellular regulation
o Abnormal chromosomes (< or > 23)
Seven warning signs of cancer - ANSo C-Change in bowel or bladder patterns
o A-A sore that doesn't heal
o U-Unusual bleeding or d/c
o. T-Thickening or lump on breast or elsewhere
o I-Indigestion or difficulty swallowing
o O-Obvious change in wart or mole
o N-Nagging cough or hoarseness
,Cancer development stages of malignancy - ANSo Initiation
o Promotion
o Progression
o Metastasis
Initiation (Stage of malignancy) - ANSNormal cells are damaged and irreversible
Promotion - ANSRepeated exposure>Enhances growth of malignant cells
Progression - ANSIncrease in production of malignant cells
Metastasis - ANSCells move from primary site to the rest of the body
Carcinogenesis/oncogenesis - ANScancer development
Cancer classification - ANSo Grading
o Ploidy
o Staging
o TNM
o Doubling time and mitotic index
Grading - ANSLooking under microscope and determine level/degree of mutation of cancer cell
from normal cells
o Ex. 1= No mutation
o 4= Severe mutation
Ploidy - ANSNumber of chromosomes
Staging - ANSHow large is the primary tumor and how far has it spread
TNM - ANSo T-Tumor (How large is primary or 2nd)
o N- Node (Are regional lymph nodes invaded by cancer cell)
o M-Metastasis (0=None, 1=There is metastasis)
Doubling time and mitotic index - ANSPeriod of time required for that quantity to double in size
(Tells how aggressive cancer grows)
o Stage 1=Localized
o Stage 4= Spread across the body
Cancer prevention primary - ANSo Sunscreen
o Avoid smoking
o Removal of "at risk" tissue (mole)
o Chemoprevention
, o Vaccine (HPV)
Cancer prevention secondary - ANSo Mammogram
o Pap smear
o Prostate test
Cancer prevention tertiary - ANSPeople who are already affected and getting treatment
(examples below)
o Chemo
o Radiation
o Surgery, etc.
Types of cancers - ANScarcinoma, sarcoma, melanoma, lymphoma, leukemia, blastoma
Carcinoma - ANSmalignant tumors of glandular (lining) tissues
Sarcoma - ANSmalignant tumor of connective (bone) tissues
Melanoma - ANSpigment producing skin cancer
Lymphoma - ANSmalignant tumor of lymphoid tissue
Leukemia - ANSwhite blood cell tumor
Blastoma - ANSmalignant tumors of less differentiated, embryonal tissue
Lab Diagnostic Tests - ANSo CBC
o Blood protein testing
o Tumor marker test
o Circulation tumor cell tests
Imaging Diagnostic Tests - ANSo CT Scans
o MRI
o X-ray
o Ultrasound
o Mammogram
o Nuclear medicine scans
Endoscopy Diagnostic Tests - ANSo Bronchoscopy
o Colonoscopy
o Cystoscopy
o Laparoscopy
o Laryngoscopy
o Mediastinoscopy
Benign cells - ANSNormal cells growing in the wrong place or at the wrong time
Benign Cell Features - ANSo Harmless
o Do not usually require intervention
o Slow growing
o Tight Adherence
o Specific morphology
o Small nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio
o Specific differentiated functions
o Tight adherence
o Orderly growth
o No migration
o Normal chromosomes
Benign cell looks similar to a - ANShealthy cell
Examples of Benign cells - ANSo Skin Tag
o Mole
o Nasal Polyp
o Uterine Fibroids
o Endometriosis
Malignant cells - ANSindicates cancer and can be harmful to normal body tissues and result in
death
Malignant cell features - ANSo Large nucleus
o Migration
o Doesn't stop and replicates (No contact inhibition)
o Loose adherence
o Rapid or continuous cell division
o Loss of cellular regulation
o Abnormal chromosomes (< or > 23)
Seven warning signs of cancer - ANSo C-Change in bowel or bladder patterns
o A-A sore that doesn't heal
o U-Unusual bleeding or d/c
o. T-Thickening or lump on breast or elsewhere
o I-Indigestion or difficulty swallowing
o O-Obvious change in wart or mole
o N-Nagging cough or hoarseness
,Cancer development stages of malignancy - ANSo Initiation
o Promotion
o Progression
o Metastasis
Initiation (Stage of malignancy) - ANSNormal cells are damaged and irreversible
Promotion - ANSRepeated exposure>Enhances growth of malignant cells
Progression - ANSIncrease in production of malignant cells
Metastasis - ANSCells move from primary site to the rest of the body
Carcinogenesis/oncogenesis - ANScancer development
Cancer classification - ANSo Grading
o Ploidy
o Staging
o TNM
o Doubling time and mitotic index
Grading - ANSLooking under microscope and determine level/degree of mutation of cancer cell
from normal cells
o Ex. 1= No mutation
o 4= Severe mutation
Ploidy - ANSNumber of chromosomes
Staging - ANSHow large is the primary tumor and how far has it spread
TNM - ANSo T-Tumor (How large is primary or 2nd)
o N- Node (Are regional lymph nodes invaded by cancer cell)
o M-Metastasis (0=None, 1=There is metastasis)
Doubling time and mitotic index - ANSPeriod of time required for that quantity to double in size
(Tells how aggressive cancer grows)
o Stage 1=Localized
o Stage 4= Spread across the body
Cancer prevention primary - ANSo Sunscreen
o Avoid smoking
o Removal of "at risk" tissue (mole)
o Chemoprevention
, o Vaccine (HPV)
Cancer prevention secondary - ANSo Mammogram
o Pap smear
o Prostate test
Cancer prevention tertiary - ANSPeople who are already affected and getting treatment
(examples below)
o Chemo
o Radiation
o Surgery, etc.
Types of cancers - ANScarcinoma, sarcoma, melanoma, lymphoma, leukemia, blastoma
Carcinoma - ANSmalignant tumors of glandular (lining) tissues
Sarcoma - ANSmalignant tumor of connective (bone) tissues
Melanoma - ANSpigment producing skin cancer
Lymphoma - ANSmalignant tumor of lymphoid tissue
Leukemia - ANSwhite blood cell tumor
Blastoma - ANSmalignant tumors of less differentiated, embryonal tissue
Lab Diagnostic Tests - ANSo CBC
o Blood protein testing
o Tumor marker test
o Circulation tumor cell tests
Imaging Diagnostic Tests - ANSo CT Scans
o MRI
o X-ray
o Ultrasound
o Mammogram
o Nuclear medicine scans
Endoscopy Diagnostic Tests - ANSo Bronchoscopy
o Colonoscopy
o Cystoscopy
o Laparoscopy
o Laryngoscopy
o Mediastinoscopy
