Wildland Firefighting State Exam - Questions with Verified Answers

Wildland Firefighting State Exam - Questions with Verified Answers Can you wear synthetic materials under your PPE, why? No, they will melt when heated and increase the likelihood of major injury How many layers of protective clothing should you wear? Two, should be made of cotton or lightweight merino wool Fire shelters protect FF by Reflecting, radiant, heat, and trapping cooler, breathable air How much radiant heat is reflected from the fire shelter? 95% How much convective heat is absorbed from the fire shelter? From flames and hot gases, 100% is absorbed When were the 10 standard firefighting orders issued to USDS forest service employees? June 28, 1957 What are the three reasons we routinely violate rules? Ignorance, machismo, apathy Fire orders number 1-3 are related to? Fire behavior Fire order numbers 4-6 are related to? Safety Fire order numbers 7-9 are related to? Operational control Fire order number 10 is related to? Fire fighting What are the three primary weather factors that impact the fire? Temperature, relative, humidity, and wind Safety zone Is an area that can be used by firefighters seeking refuge from an unexpected change in fire behavior or burning conditions Examples of safety zones Must be void of fuels, such as in the black, rocks, roads, outcroppings, meadows, and wet areas Escape route Is the way you get personnel from where you are working to a safety zone. Have two routes selected. The 18 watch out situation represent Specific hazards to be mitigated. Somebody died for each of these situations to be placed on the list. Should raise a warning flag when you detect it. What part of the fire is usually the hottest? Head of the fire Common denominators are Fires that involve a fire fighter, fatality or a near miss What does LCES stand for? Lookouts, Communication, Escape Routes, Safety Zones Deployment site a last-resort location where a fire shelter must be deployed Rule of thumb on the size of a safety zone Four times the expected flame length +1 foot for every vehicle to be included What is a snag? dead standing tree waiting for it's time to fall What is a widow maker? Is a dead limb hanging in a tree that may fall when the trees cut, or one dislodged by wind or a drop from an aircraft Five Communication responsibilities are Brief others as needed, debrief your actions, communicate hazards, acknowledge messages, ask if you don't know Situational awareness The gathering of information by observation, or having it reported to you, a constant and continuous cycle What three things are always constantly changing? Time of day, weather, location of the fire What is the most common injury on Wildland fires? Hyperthermia What are factors that can affect the store and spread of wildland fire is are When, relative humidity, temperature, and precipitation Troposphere The layer of the atmosphere closest to the ground Two most important components of the atmosphere are Oxygen and water vapor What is oxygen essential for? Combustion Water vapor causes Clouds, rain, and humidity The higher the elevation The lower the atmospheric pressure Barometer an instrument used to measure atmospheric pressure Solar radiation energy from the sun What has the greatest impact on fire behavior? Winds Wind speed is determined by? Pressure gradient Wind direction is determined by? the relationship (locations) of the highs and lows Cold front When cold air is displacing, warm air Slope winds Flow up during the day due to surface heating, flow down during the night due to surface cooling Four wind conditions that are dangerous to firefighters Cold front, foehn or gravity, thunderstorms and whirlwinds (dust devils or fire whirls) Three mechanical or diverting affects that topography has on wind Directional channeling, Venturi effect, wave action Mid flame winds are used to Calculate the rate of fire spread Relative Humidity (RH) The ratio of the amount of water vapor actually present in the air compared to the greatest amount possible at the same temperature Stable air indicators Clouds in layers, no vertical motion, smoke column, drifts apart, steady winds, cooler, air at lower elevations Unstable air indicators Clouds, grow vertically, upward and downward currents, good visibility, dust, devils, warmer at lower elevations Inversion layer A layer of air that is warmer than the air below. Acts as a lid or blanket over cooler air. Thermal belt Area of the mountain slope were a nighttime inversion layer is within warmer and drier air Cirro clouds high clouds above 20,000 feet Alto clouds Mid level clouds with bass is between 6500 to 20,000 feet Strato clouds Low level clouds with bases at or below 6500 feet Cumulonimbus clouds Thunderstorm clouds associated with the cold front Cirrostratus clouds High wispy clouds that frequently precede a warm front Altocumulus castellanus clouds Mid level clouds that form little towers usually indicates instability and increased moisture. Thunderstorms are possible later that day. Altocumulus floccus clouds White or gray colored scattered tufts with rounded and slightly bulging upper parts