Social Psychology- Chapter 8: Group Processes with Complete Solutions

Social Psychology- Chapter 8: Group Processes with Complete Solutions group A set of individuals who interact over time and have shared fate, goals, or identity. group cohesiveness The extent to which forces push group members closer together, such as through feelings of intimacy, unity and commitment to group goals. social facilitation A process whereby the presence of others enhances performance on easy tasks but impairs performance on difficult tasks. mere presence theory The proposition that the mere presence of others is sufficient to produce social facilitation effects. evaluation apprehension theory Theory that the presence of others will produce social facilitation effects only when those others are seen as potential evaluators. distraction-conflict theory A theory that the presence of others produce social facilitation effects only when those others distract from the task and create attentional conflict. social loafing A group-produced reduction in individual output on tasks where contributions are pooled. collective effort model The theory that individuals will exert effort on a collective task to the degree that they think their individual efforts will be important, relevant, and meaningful for achieving outcomes that they value. deindividuation The loss of a person's sense of individuality and the reduction of normal constraints against deviant behavior. social identity model of deindividuation effects (SIDE) A model of group behavior that explains deindividuation effects as the result of a shift from personal identity to social identity. process loss The reduction in group performance due to obstacles created by group processes, such as problems of coordination and motivation. process gain The increase in group performance so that the group outperforms the individuals who comprise the group. brainstorming A technique that attempts to increase the production of creative ideas by encouraging group members to speak freely without criticizing their own or others' contributions. group polarization The exaggeration of initial tendencies in the thinking of group members through group discussion. groupthink A group decision-making style characterized by an excessive tendency among group members to seek concurrence. escalation effect The condition in which commitments to a failing course of action are increased to justify investments already made. biased sampling The tendency for groups to spend more time discussing shared information (information already known by all or most group members) than unshared information (information known by only one or a few group members). transactive memory A shared system for remembering information that enables multiple people to remember information together more efficiently