VTNE Pharm Exam Questions With Verified Answers

VTNE Pharm Exam Questions With Verified Answers All drugs need to be stored and handled so that they are safe for the patient, client, and veterinary staff. When handling drugs that are concidered cytotoxic or hazardous, personal protective apparel (PPA) should be worn. With which of the following drugs is it imperative to pay special attention to safe handling? -Ascorbic Acid -Metoclopramide -Sucralfate -Vincristine -Metronidazole Vincristine is a chemotheraputic agent and PPA including gloves, gowns, and a face shield should be worn when using this drug. Ascorbic acid is Vitamin C and probably poses minimal risk when handling. Metronidazole and sucralfate are not hazardous via handling. An 11-year old male German shepherd dog with previously diagnosed dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) presents to your clinic following a dog fight. The dog is significantly aggressive and resistant to handling. What medication should NOT be used to sedate this patient? -Dexmedetomidine -Atropine -Midazolam -Butorphanol -Buprenorphine Dexmedetomidine should only be used in patients with normal cardiac function as it can cause a significant reduction in cardiac output due to reduced heart rate. It should be avoided whenever possible in patients that have compromised cardiac function. Butorphanol and buprenorphine would be better options for sedation as these drugs would not have as much effect on cardiac output and would provide some pain relief. Midazolam can be used to sedate the patient via IM administration and, although it would not provide any pain control, it would allow for safer handling of the patient. Atropine is not a sedative, but an anticholinergic used most commonly to increase heart rate. A Golden retriever ingests several tablespoons of antifreeze. This will cause the most damage to what organ system? -Cardiac -Renal -Hepatic -Gastrointestinal -Nervous Renal Ethylene glycol (EG), the primary ingredient in antifreeze, causes damage to the renal system (kidneys). EG causes damage to the renal tubular epithelium, causing build up of oxalate crystals in the renal tubules and metabolic acidosis. Which is safe to put in the ears if the tympanum may be ruptured? -Chlorhexidine -Gentamicin -Neomycin -0.9% NaCl Saline (0.9% sodium chloride) is considered safe. The others listed (especially aminoglycoside antibiotics) could potentially be ototoxic if the eardrum is not intact. Which of the following medications is commonly found over-the-counter (OTC)? -Diphenhydramine -Pimobendan -Hydrocodone -Doxycycline Diphenhydramine The other name for diphenhydramine is Benadryl and can be found over-the-counter. Hydrocodone is commonly used as a cough suppressant in veterinary medicine and is a controlled substance requiring a prescription. Doxycycline (an antibiotic) and Pimobendan (a heart medication) are by prescription only. How many milliliters of 50% dextrose should be added to a 100 ml solution of Lactated Ringer's Solution to make it 2.5%? 0.5 ml 5 ml 10 ml 1 ml 50 ml To answer this question, the following formula should be implemented: C(1)V(1) = C(2)V(2) C is the concentration V is the volume C(1) =0.5 V(1) = x C(2) = 0.025 V(2) = 100 ml 0.5x = 0.025(100) x = 5 ml 5 ml of 50% dextrose should be added to 100 ml in order to make a 2.5% solution. How many milliliters should be administered to a 100-kg patient that needs 50 mg of a 2.5% solution? 25 ml 125 ml 2 ml 2.5 ml Percent is equal to weight (in Grams) / 100 parts volume (in mLs) (This is based on water since 1 mL weighs 1 Gram): Example: A 3% solution: 3 Grams / 100 mL or 3000 mg / 100 mL or 30 mg/mL The easiest way to remember is to just add a zero onto any percentage for the milligrams (i.e. 2% solution = 20 mg/ml; 10% solution = 100 mg/ml, etc.) In this situation a 2.5% solution is equivalent to 25 mg/ml. Therefore: 50 mg / (25 mg/ml) = 2 ml A drug that is a cholinergic agent will have which of the following effects? -Dilate the pupil -Slow the heart rate -Cause central nervous system depression -Decrease salivation -Decrease intestinal motility Slow the heart rate Cholinergic agents are drugs that mimic the effects of acetylcholine within the autonomic nervous system. These drugs stimulate the parasympathetic nervous system. They promote salivation, lacrimation, urination, and defecation (sometimes abbreviated SLUD or referred to as "rest and digest" functions). They can cause pupil constriction or decreased heart rate. A commonly used cholinergic drug is bethanechol which is structurally similar to acetylcholine but resists degradation. It is used to treat gastric atony or urinary retention in the bladder. A patient is hospitalized with a resistant infection and is getting Amikacin injections and IV fluid therapy. Amikacin can cause kidney damage. What could you do to monitor for early renal side effects? -Check a daily urine protein -Monitor urine output -Renal ultrasound daily -Check the urine specific gravity twice daily Check a daily urine protein. Proteinuria can be one of the first things seen if there is damage to the kidneys. Urine output and specific gravity would not be reliable indicators since this patient is on IV fluids. Ultrasound would not be helpful picking up early kidney damage since this occurs at a microscopic level in the renal tubules. Kidney changes can be seen with ultrasound only if gross disease is present in the renal architecture. BUN and creatinine levels can be helpful, however, remember that usually these values do not become elevated until more than 70% of the renal function has been compromised. What quantity of drug is found in 200 mLs of a 10% solution? 20 milligrams 20 grams 2,000 milligrams 2,000 grams 20 grams. A 10% solution is equal to 100 mg/mL. The easiest way to remember this conversion is to add a zero to the percentage. (10%= 100 mg/mL, 15% = 150 mg/mL, etc.) If 1 mL is equal to 100 mg, then to find out the quantity of drug in 200 mLs, multiply 100 mg X 200 = 20,000 mg. There are 20,000 mg in 200 mLs of a 10% solution. But none of the choices are 20,000 mg. We need to go one step further and determine how many grams this is. 1 gram is equal to 1,000 mg. We need to divide the milligrams by 1,000. So, 20,000mg / 1,000 = 20 grams. Which chemotherapy drug is contraindicated for use in cats? Cisplatin Vincristine L-Aspariginase Prednisone Doxorubicin Cisplatin cannot be used in cats as it causes pulmonary toxicity. Remember the phrase "Cisplatin splats cats". Which drug could be used to decrease intracranial pressure? Mitotane Mannitol Ivermectin Phenobarbital Mannitol is an osmotic diuretic. It can reduce intraocular and intracerebral pressures. It can also help to reduce edema and enhance urinary excretion of some toxins. This drug can also crystallize, so a filter needle should be used. Which medication is considered a gastric "band-aid"? Sucralfate Metoclopramide Metronidazole Pepcid-AC Sucralfate. Sucralfate (Carafate) acts as a sticky paste that binds with proteins found in ulcers and adheres there like a band-aid to aid in protection and healing. Pepcid (famotidine) is an antacid that helps to decrease the gastric acid that can cause an ulcer to occur. Metoclopramide is a pro-motility agent that helps to reduce vomiting. Metronidazole is an antibiotic often used in treating diarrhea. A client calls the clinic and says her 12 pound mixed breed dog was just stung by a bee and his face is starting to swell. You recommend she brings her pet in immediately, and the doctor recommends she give Benadryl 12.5 mg orally now before she leaves her house. The woman has some Benadryl liquid that is 12.5 mg per teaspoon. How many milliliters should she give her pet? 1.5 mLs 2.5 mLs 0.5 mLs 5 mLs 5 mls. 1 teaspoon is equal to 5 milliliters. How many liters of 50% dextrose should be added to 5 liters of 0.9% saline to make a 5% dextrose solution? 0.5 L 0.75 L 0.25 L 0.05 L 0.5 L To answer this question, the following formula should be implemented: C(1)V(1) = C(2)V(2) C is the concentration V is the volume C(1) =0.5 V(1) = x C(2) = 0.05 V(2) = 5 L 0.5x = 0.05(5) x = 0.5 L 0.5 L of 50% dextrose should be added to one liter in order to make a 5% solution. Which of the following drugs should be used with extreme caution in ruminants? Atropine Acepromazine Lidocaine Xylazine Xylazine. Xylazine is an alpha-2 adrenergic agonist and is classified as a sedative/analgesic with muscle relaxant properties. It is not approved for any species to be consumed for food purposes. Ruminants are very sensitive to xylazine and it is not used much in these animals. In fact, ruminants generally require only 1/10 of the dosage required for horses to exhibit the same effect. Due to the unique GI system of the ruminant, much care must be taken when administering drugs so as not to interfere with proper digestion, and xylazine inreases risk of ileus. Diphenhydramine is typically used in treating which of the following conditions? Allergic reactions Auto-immune conditions Keratoconjunctivitis sicca Urinary incontinence Urinary tract infections Allergic Reactions. Diphenhydramine is also known as Benadryl. It is a an anti-histamine most commonly used for treating allergies or allergic reactions. A urinary tract infection would require an antibiotic. Keratoconjunctivitis sicca is an immune mediated condition and is usually treated with cyclosporine. Auto-immune conditions also call for immunosuppressive agents. Urinary incontinence may be treated with phenylpropanolamine. Which drug can be given as a tablet into the conjunctival sac in the eye to induce vomiting? Apomorphine Xylazine Hydrogen peroxide Morphine Apomorphine can be given as an injectable or in tablet form that can be dissolved into the eye to induce emesis. Giving it orally is not as effective. It acts by dopamine stimulation. Which of the following drugs is considered an alpha-2 agonist? Atropine