CPH Practice Exam 78 QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED SOLUTIONS

Which of the following principles of medical and public health ethics requires doing no harm while promoting the welfare of others? 1. Autonomy 2. Beneficence 3. Privacy 4. Justice 2. Beneficence Beneficence is defined as promoting the welfare of others while avoiding behavior that results in harm. Links References Weed, D.L., McKeown, R.E. (2001). Ethics in epidemiology and public health I. Technical terms. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 55: 855-857. Retrieved from: Kinsinger, F. S. (2009). Beneficence and the professional's moral imperative. Journal of Chiropractic Humanities, 16(1), 44-46. Practice and Research. 2nd edn. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass; 2009 In the PRECEDE-PROCEED model, the step in program planning where planners use data to identify and rank health problems is called: 1.Behavioral assessment 2.Needs assessment 3.Ecological assessment 4.Environmental assessment 2. Needs Assessment Needs assessment provides information about what is needed in the target community. In the PRECEDE-PROCEED model, a needs assessment is the general umbrella term and may involve a social assessment, epidemiological assessment, behavioral, environmental, educational, or ecological assessment. Using a needs assessment allows the planner to determine the degree to which the needs is are being met. Needs assessment help to identify the gap between what is and what should be. Links References Glamz. Karen, et. al. Health Behavior and Health Education: Theory, Research and Practice, 4th ed. John wiley& Sons, Inc., San Francisco, 2008, p. 415. In low resource countries during an outbreak, what simple, low-tech sanitation measure can dramatically reduce the spread of enteric bacteria and viruses?1.Disposing of stagnant water 2.Sleeping under an insecticide-soaked bednet 3.Vaccination of those individuals who work on the water supply 4.Add chlorine to water storage containers 4.Add chlorine to water storage containers In addressing an outbreak of bacteria and viruses in a low resource country, disinfection is considered a primary mechanism for inactivating/destroying pathogenic organisms and preventing the spread of waterborne diseases to downstream users and the environment. Some of the most commonly used disinfectants for decentralized applications include chlorine, iodine, and ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Chlorine is one of the most practical and widely used disinfectants. Links References Kitis, M. (2004). Disinfection of wastewater with peracetic acid: a review. Environment international, 30(1), 47-55. McGlynn, W. (2015). Guidelines for the Use of Chlorine Bleach as a Sanitizer in Food Processing Operations. Oklahoma State University Food Technology Fact Sheet, FAPC-116. Hejkal, T. W., Keswick, B., LaBelle, R. L., Gerba, C. P., Sanchez, Y., Dreesman, G., ... & Melnick, J. L. (1982). Viruses in a community water supply associated with anoutbreak of gastroenteritis and infectious hepatitis. Journal‐American Water Works Association, 74(6), 318-321. Which of the following statements best characterizes research findings about trait-based approaches to leadership theory? 1.Intelligence, high energy, and initiative are necessary 2.Personality traits are irrelevant 3.No one set of traits has been established as necessary 4.Leaders are born, not made 3.No one set of traits has been established as necessary Trait-based approaches to leadership theory are concerned with traits that distinguish leaders from other people and the magnitude of the differences between the two groups. Early trait-based approaches posited that leaders possessed innate heritable qualities that differentiated them from the general population. Later research on leadership emphasized behavior rather than traits. More recent literature focuses on a combination of traits and behaviors, but has not explicitly identified a set of traits, innate or otherwise, that constitute a leader. Links ReferencesDerue, D. S., Nahrgang, J. D., Wellman, N., & Humphrey, S. E. (2011). Trait and behavioral theories of leadership: An integration and meta‐analytic test of their relative validity. Personnel Psychology, 64(1), 7-52. doi:10.1111/j..2010.01201.x Smith, M. A., & Canger, J. M. (2004). Effects of supervisor 'big five' personality on subordinate attitudes. Journal Of Business And Psychology, 18(4), 465-481. doi:10.1023/B:JOBU..00089.12 Lord, R. G., de Vader, C. L., & Alliger, G. M. (1986). A meta-analysis of the relation between personality traits and leadership perceptions: An application of validity generalization procedures. Journal Of Applied Psychology, 71(3), 402-410. doi:10.1037/.71.3.402 Mutations in the _______________ gene lead to an increased risk for developing breast or ovarian cancer. 1.BRCA2 2.PPARG 3.APC 4.hMSH1 1.BRCA2 BRCA2 is a Tumor-Suppressor gene. Mutations in this gene, and the related gene BRCA1, account for 5-10% of breast and ovarian cancer cases. Links References Petrucelli, N., Daly, M. B., & Pal, T. (2016). BRCA1-and BRCA2-associated hereditary breast and ovarian cancer. BRCA Mutations: Cancer Risk & Genetic Testing. (n.d.). Retrieved from PPARG gene - Genetics Home Reference - NIH. (n.d.). Retrieved from APC gene - Genetics Home Reference - NIH. (n.d.). Retrieved from MLH1 gene - Genetics Home Reference - NIH. (n.d.). Retrieved from Which of the following practices enhances equity across populations when making health policy decisions in a community? 1.Requiring randomized control evidence of effectiveness 2.Allocating resources based on population size 3.Collecting health-related data about the individuals in the community 4.Including diverse constituencies in the decision-making groups 4.Including diverse constituencies in the decision-making groupsAllocating resources based simply on population size may not target resources to the most needy populations or issues in a community, nor will it guarantee an improvement in equity. Collecting data is important and can be useful in the policy process. However, collecting data alone without interpreting the data and having a diversity of stakeholders weigh in on how the results will be used to make health policy decisions that impact the community will not enhance equity. Finally, it is important to frame questions that need evidence and then select the most appropriate type of evidence rather than accept only randomized controlled trials aving diverse constituencies at the table during decisionmaking is the correct answer as acknowledging and incorporating different viewpoints will enhance equity in health policy decisions. Reference: "Social Policy, Public Policy: From Problem to Practice by Meredith Edwards with Cosmo Howard & Robin Miller, 2001. Allen & Unwin. Links References Cliff, B. Q., Rozier, M., & Fendrick, A. M. (2017, May 22). Health Insurance Benefits Should Be Equitable, Not Necessarily Equal. Retrieved from Israel, B. A., Coombe, C. M., Cheezum, R. R., Schulz, A. J., McGranaghan, R. J., Lichtenstein, R., ... Burris, A. (2010). Communitybased participatory research: a capacity-building approach for policy advocacy aimed at eliminating health disparities. American journal of public health, 100(11), .Powers, M., Faden, R. R., & Faden, R. R. (2006). Social justice: the moral foundations of public health and health po In a population of 5,000 people, 100 ate spinach contaminated with E. coli (O157:H7) and became ill. Of the ill, 15 died. What was the case fatality rate? 1. 20 per 1,000 2. 3 per 1,000 3. 150 per 1,000 4. 15 per 1,000 3. 150 per 1,000 The case fatality rate is 150 per 1,000. The numerator for case fatality is "number of individuals dying during a specified period of time from the disease of interest" and the denominator is "number of persons with the disease of interest." In this question, the numerator is 15 and the denominator is 100. 15/100 = 0.15 X 1000 = 150/1