BIO 206 Chapter 24 Complete summary for the Latest Edition

BIO 206 Chapter 24 Complete summary for the Latest Edition Nutrient used by the body to promote normal growth and development major nutrients carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins micronutrients vitamins and minerals 45-50 micronutrients that cannot be made and are consumed carbohydrates consists of sugars (monossacharides and disaccharides) and starches (polysaccharides) glucose used by the body as fuel for the reactions that synthesize ATP and is required and is required by neurons and red blood cells polyssacharides provide fiber in the diet lipids most abundant are triglycerides, or neural fats, and may be saturated - derived from animal sources, coconut oils, and hydrogenated shortenings (trans fats) - or unsaturated - derived from plant sources cholesterol found in egg yolk, meats, organ meats, shellfish, and milk, but about 85% of the body's cholesterol is made in the liver lipids help the body absorb fat-soluble vitamins, serve as cellular fuel, are an integral component of myelin sheaths and cell membranes, form adipose tissues, and serve as a regulatory molecules complete proteins have all essential amino acids found in eggs, milk, fish, and meats incomplete proteins low or lacking in one or more of the essential amino acids are incomplete found in legumes, nuts, and cereals essential amino acids not produced by the body and must be consumed in our diet vitamins serve as coenzymes, many of which are not made by the body and must be consumed Vitamins A, D, E, and K fat-soluble and are absorbed when bound to ingested lipids water-soluble vitamins (B complex and C) absorbed along with water in the GI tract minerals used by the body to work with other molecules, may be incorporated into tissues to give added strength, may be ionized in body fluids, or may be bound to organic compounds anerobic respiration main pathway for energy release from carbohydrate to ATP begins with glycolysis can yield up to 36 molecules of ATP per molecule of glucose fermentation yields two molecules of ATP glycolysis breakdown of glucose to pyruvate small amounts of ATP asre generated Krebs cycle degrades pyruvate to CO2, water, ATP, H+ ions, and electrons electorn transfer phosphorylation processes the H+ ions and electrons to generate high yields of ATP oxygen is the final electron acceptor anaerobic pathways operate when oxygen is absent (or limited) pyruvate from glycolysis is metabolized to produce molecules other than acetyl-CoA yields two ATP