Genetics Exam 1 Questions and Answers for Latest Edition 2023/2024

Pharmaceutical Biotechnology - ***Use of recombinant DNA and sequencing technology to manipulation biological materials What fields do we use biotechnology in? - ***Agriculture Health Care Environment (biofuels) Advantages of Using Recombinant DNA for Drug Development - ***1. Source availability - Overcomes low natural abundance of molecules 2. Safety 3. Engineering - can engineer for "drug-like" properties 4. Economical - without rDNA, biological drugs would be too expensive Biosimilars - ***Term for generic biologics, cannot be replicated exactly Next Generation Sequencing - ***Determines the sequence of entire human genomes - Used for precision medicine What percentage of prescriptions are filled with generic drugs? - ***9/10 What is fueling the rapid increase in medication costs? - ***Biologic Drugs, complexitiy of the drug product is slowing the entry for competitors, biosimilars are having a hard time entering the market deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) - ***Molecule that contains biological instruction that make each species unique Is DNA passed from adult to offspring? - ***Yes Where is eukaryote DNA found? - ***Nucleus and Mitochondria DNA packing - ***Tightly inside chromosome Genes - ***DNA that contains instructions to make proteins and functional RNAs mRNA - ***RNA that is translated into proteins - codes for 20 different kinds of amino acids present in proteins Genome - ***Complete set of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA Where does mitochondrial DNA come from? - ***Female 4 Bases - ***1. Adenine 2. Thymine 3. Guanine 4. Cytosine How many chromosomes do we have? - ***23 pairs = 46 total **Males have XY while females just have XX Gene Variant - ***Permanent change in the DNA sequence of a gene Do gene variants always cause disease? - ***No, disease variants are uncommon Substitution - ***Replace one nucleotide with anothe