Certified Fitter of Therapeutic Shoes Questions With Complete Solutions!!

kinematics - Answer-description of motion including planes of motion, type, and the direction of the motion kinetics - Answer-study of motion and it's causes like gravity and muscles center of gravity - Answer-the point around which an object's weight is evenly distributed. It can change when a person raises their arms or jumps line of gravity - Answer-imaginary vertical line that passes through the center of gravity. If it is located in the person's base of support, then the object is stable. If it falls outside of the base of support, it is unstable base of support - Answer-the area on which an object rests. the larger the area is, the more stable it is. (wider stance more stable than standing with feet together) Line of Gravity vs base of Support - Answer-line of gravity must be outside of base of support to create movement. The further the line of gravity is outside of the base of support, the more likely the body is to move in that direction. Force - Answer-a push or pull on an object Force = mass x acceleration Biomechanics - Answer-The science concerned with the internal and external forces acting on the human body and the effects produced by these forces. External forces = gravity, friction Internal forces = created in the body by muscles pulling on bones Class 1 lever - Answer-Fulcrum in the middle: the effort is applied on one side of the fulcrum and the resistance on the other sideif the effort arm is longer than the load arm, as in a crowbar, effort travels farther than the load and requires less effort. Class 2 lever - Answer-A lever in which the load is between the fulcrum and the effort. (like a wheelbarrow) The effort travels farther than the load, making it easier to move. Class 3 lever - Answer-A lever in which the effort is between the fulcrum and the load. Effort travels a shorter distance and must be more than the load. Length of levers - Answer-longer levers: greater speed at the end of the lever arm (Throwing a ball) shorter levers: can be moved with less effort and at greater speeds, making pushing, pulling, moving body parts easier Newton's First Law - Answer-an object at rest will stay at rest, an object that is moving will stay moving unless disturbed by an unbalanced force Newton's Second Law - Answer-Force = mass x acceleration the greater the mass, the greater the force needed to move it Newton's Third Law - Answer-For every action force there is an equal and opposite reaction force Newtons laws as applies to the body - Answer-in order to get maximum momentum, force needs: as many body segments as possible in the correct order, using large muscles first, smaller muscles last but faster, correct timing, and use the greatest range of motion. Orthotic Considerations - Answer-The longer the orthosis (as in an AFO), the longer the lever arm is, which results in greater stability. plantar fasciitis night splint - Answer-holds the foot 10-20 degrees of dorsiflexion past neutralCauses of achilles tendonitis - Answer-- improper training (not warming up or stretching) faulty foot biomechanics (pes planus/ pronation w/IR of lower leg - improper footwear - weakness - inflexibility - tape or brace rubbing on tendon Common symptoms of Achilles Tendonitis - Answer-aching or burning in the back of the heel crackling or creaking when moving the achilles weakness of the lower leg stiffness after periods of inactivity (ie first thing in the AM) bunions - Answer-medial deviation of the big toe and inflammation of the MPJ of the big toe. Joint capsule is subluxed and the cartilage is damaged. Causes of bunions - Answer-mostly caused by foot type that can allow the bones to malalign causing the muscles and tendons to take over. Also caused by: shoes (particularly heels), flat feet, pronation, and shortened achilles tendon. Treatment of Bunions - Answer-Comfy shoes, wider width to accomodate the deformity Toe pad or corrective sock NSAIDs Orthotics Surgery for severe cases PT causes of hammer toe - Answer--improperly fitting shoes causing muscle imbalance -dropped metatarsal head that puts pressure on the flexor tendons which causes the PIPJ to become proximal phalanx to become dorsiflexedsymptoms of hammer toes - Answer-pain will vary depending if the hammer toe deformity is rigid or flexible. Flexible hammertoes have full mobility and therefore less pain. Rigid hammertoes that do not have mobility reduce the amount of movement in other parts of the foot and that can lead to pain. Treatment for hammer toes - Answer-in less severe cases, accomodative shoes with soft inserts, metatarsal pads, toe crest pads, and in severe cases surgery is necessary to correct. budin splint - Answer-helps straighten and hold hammer toes in the corrected position after surgery shin splints (medial tibial stress syndrome) - Answer-soreness on the front of the leg due to straining the anterior leg muscles, often as a result of walking up and down hills In anterior leg: tibialis anterior, peroneus longus and brevis, extensor hallucis longus and extensor digitorum longus. In posterior leg: achilles, gastrocnemius and soleus. Causes of shin splints - Answer-overuse of leg muscles stress fractures are common with shin splints pronation/pes planus can irritate the shin muscles due to excessive arch collapse Pain can be described as dull, aching, and can be constant. Some describe pain after beginning the activity. Treatment of shin splints - Answer-rest, ice, NSAIDs, stretching of leg and thigh muscles, PT to strengthen leg muscles, orthotics in the case of pes planus/overpronators, can add medial (varus ) wedge to orthotic to stop overpronation Ulcers - Answer-sore on the skin accompanied by disintegration of the tissue. Can result in complete loss of the epidermis, dermis and even the subcutaneous fat. Ulcers that heal in <12 weeks are considered acute. Longer than that, they are considered chronic. decubitus ulcer - Answer-pressure sore or bed soregangrene - Answer-death of tissue associated with loss of blood supply. Three types of gangrene - Answer-dry, wet, gas dry gangrene (ischemic necrosis) - Answer-condition that results when the body part that dies had little blood and remains aseptic and occurs when the arteries but not the veins are obstructed wet gangrene - Answer-an area of gangrene that becomes secondarily infected by pus-producing bacteria gas gangrene - Answer-Necrosis in a wound infected by an anaerobic gas forming bacillus, the most common etiologic agent being Clostridium perfringens. causes of mortons neuroma - Answer-Repetitive compression of common plantar digital nn between metatarsal heads & transverse metatarsal ligament, especially in feet with overpronation Hyperextension from congenital foot deformity wearing heels or shoes that are tight Previous foot conditions such as bunions, hammertoes Symptoms of Morton's Neuroma - Answer-Burning, cramping, or tingling sensations between the affected toes treatment for mortons neuroma - Answer-- Wide shoes - Glucocorticoid injection -NSAIDS -orthotics - Surgery if all else fails