SOC 150 Exam 1 Study Guide with Complete Solutions
Approximate dates of the emergence of modern societies? - ANS-1. 300,000 years ago:
Homo sapiens evolve (clan-based societies)
2. 12,000 years ago: Agricultural revolution (sedentary farming)
3. 5,000 years ago: Irrigation, writing, urbanization, centralization of authority (city-
states, civilizations)
4. 250 years ago: Industrialization, nation-states emerge, extreme urbanization (capitalistic societies)
Key features of modern societies? - ANS-Capitalism, industrialization, presence of nation-states, extreme urbanization
What are social facts? - ANS-Any way of acting, thinking, or feeling that is external, coercive, and irreducible to the individual (social constructs)
What is the social fact process? - ANS-Social facts create, and are created by, individuals with a particular type of social character/self
What is assemblage? - ANS-Forming a group (association)
What are structured social relations? - ANS-Patterned collective actions; social practices
What is collective effervescence? - ANS-Socially induced hyper-excitation of individuals'
emotions (social energies/forces)
What is projection? - ANS-Transfer of some quality from one agent to another
What is objectification? - ANS-Superimposition of social energies/forces upon the material world
What is collective representation? - ANS-Authoritative, symbolic representation of a group's social relations or ideals
What is coercion? - ANS-Social enforcements of rules out of respect for their authority
What is socialization? - ANS-Social process of inducting into society- the individual learns (through relations with others) how to (not) act, think, and feel; the end result of socialization and that a social character develops, is that individuals want to act as they have to act What are significant others? - ANS-Whoever raises a child; mediate the world around them to children; individuals most responsible for one's socialization
What is primary socialization? - ANS-Family-lead socialization during childhood
What is secondary socialization? - ANS-Role specific socialization led by secondary associations; think of professors, priests, bosses at jobs, etc.
What is conscience? - ANS-A constellation of moral obligations ("do the right thing") and
prohibitions ("don't do the wrong thing"); cultivation of rights and wrongs
What is congnition? - ANS-Mental processes like thoughts, perceptions, motor skills; mental thoughts and processes
What are emotions? - ANS-Feelings that motivate one to act; born with the ability to be angry, anticipation (seeking system), sadness, love, etc.
What is self/identity? - ANS-The manifest idea of one's self, in terms of moral-social categories that resonates emotionally with an individual; ("I'm an American")
What is character/personality? - ANS-The latent psychological (moral-conceptual-
emotion) structure of an individual
What is social character? - ANS-Character of most individuals in a group
What is conduct? - ANS-Society-induced behavior
What is (de)legitimation? - ANS-Social action that serves to (dis)continue social facts
What are clans? - ANS-Intermarrying kinship groups united by a common name and emblem denoting spiritual descent; typically range from 100-1,000 members
What are phratries? - ANS-Groups of two or more clans; originate from clans that grew too large and subdivided
What are tribes? - ANS-Groups of two or more phratries
What are confederacies? - ANS-Groups of two or more tribes
Explain clan kinship relations - ANS-1. Marriage inside of one's clan is forbidden
2. Marriage outside one's tribe is forbidden
3. Marriage across clans is obligatory
4. Descent is typically matrilineal or patrilineal
a. Man sent over, child will be from mother's clan (matrilineal)
b. Woman is sent over, child will be from father's clan (patrilineal)
Approximate dates of the emergence of modern societies? - ANS-1. 300,000 years ago:
Homo sapiens evolve (clan-based societies)
2. 12,000 years ago: Agricultural revolution (sedentary farming)
3. 5,000 years ago: Irrigation, writing, urbanization, centralization of authority (city-
states, civilizations)
4. 250 years ago: Industrialization, nation-states emerge, extreme urbanization (capitalistic societies)
Key features of modern societies? - ANS-Capitalism, industrialization, presence of nation-states, extreme urbanization
What are social facts? - ANS-Any way of acting, thinking, or feeling that is external, coercive, and irreducible to the individual (social constructs)
What is the social fact process? - ANS-Social facts create, and are created by, individuals with a particular type of social character/self
What is assemblage? - ANS-Forming a group (association)
What are structured social relations? - ANS-Patterned collective actions; social practices
What is collective effervescence? - ANS-Socially induced hyper-excitation of individuals'
emotions (social energies/forces)
What is projection? - ANS-Transfer of some quality from one agent to another
What is objectification? - ANS-Superimposition of social energies/forces upon the material world
What is collective representation? - ANS-Authoritative, symbolic representation of a group's social relations or ideals
What is coercion? - ANS-Social enforcements of rules out of respect for their authority
What is socialization? - ANS-Social process of inducting into society- the individual learns (through relations with others) how to (not) act, think, and feel; the end result of socialization and that a social character develops, is that individuals want to act as they have to act What are significant others? - ANS-Whoever raises a child; mediate the world around them to children; individuals most responsible for one's socialization
What is primary socialization? - ANS-Family-lead socialization during childhood
What is secondary socialization? - ANS-Role specific socialization led by secondary associations; think of professors, priests, bosses at jobs, etc.
What is conscience? - ANS-A constellation of moral obligations ("do the right thing") and
prohibitions ("don't do the wrong thing"); cultivation of rights and wrongs
What is congnition? - ANS-Mental processes like thoughts, perceptions, motor skills; mental thoughts and processes
What are emotions? - ANS-Feelings that motivate one to act; born with the ability to be angry, anticipation (seeking system), sadness, love, etc.
What is self/identity? - ANS-The manifest idea of one's self, in terms of moral-social categories that resonates emotionally with an individual; ("I'm an American")
What is character/personality? - ANS-The latent psychological (moral-conceptual-
emotion) structure of an individual
What is social character? - ANS-Character of most individuals in a group
What is conduct? - ANS-Society-induced behavior
What is (de)legitimation? - ANS-Social action that serves to (dis)continue social facts
What are clans? - ANS-Intermarrying kinship groups united by a common name and emblem denoting spiritual descent; typically range from 100-1,000 members
What are phratries? - ANS-Groups of two or more clans; originate from clans that grew too large and subdivided
What are tribes? - ANS-Groups of two or more phratries
What are confederacies? - ANS-Groups of two or more tribes
Explain clan kinship relations - ANS-1. Marriage inside of one's clan is forbidden
2. Marriage outside one's tribe is forbidden
3. Marriage across clans is obligatory
4. Descent is typically matrilineal or patrilineal
a. Man sent over, child will be from mother's clan (matrilineal)
b. Woman is sent over, child will be from father's clan (patrilineal)
