Test Bank for an Introduction to Brain and Behavior 5th Edition Bryan Kolb

Test Bank for an Introduction to Brain and Behavior 5th Edition Bryan KolbBrain abnormalities can be related to: A) B) C) D) 500 disorders. 1000 disorders. 1500 disorders. more than 2,000 disorders. 2. All the nerve processes radiating out beyond the brain and spinal cord as well as all the neurons outside the brain and spinal cord constitute the: A) B) C) D) nervous system. central nervous system. peripheral nervous system. external nervous system. 3. Which is NOT part of the peripheral nervous system? A) B) sensory receptors in the skin connections to motor neurons C) D) sensory and motor connections to internal organs (e.g., the stomach) the spinal cord 1 | P a g e4. The set of brain structures responsible for most of our unconscious behaviors is called: A) B) C) D) the cerebral hemisphere. the brainstem. the cerebrum. the cerebellum. 5. The postulation that we make subliminal movements of our larynx and muscles when we imagine was expounded by: A) B) C) D) D. O. Hebb. Edmond Jacobson. Irenäus Eibl-Eibesfeldt. Fred Linge. 6. “Behavior consists of patterns in time” is a definition of behavior expounded by: A) B) C) D) D. O. Hebb. Edmond Jacobson. Irenäus Eibl-Eibesfeldt. Fred Linge. 2 | P a g e7. Patterns in time can be made up of: A) movements. B) thinking. C) D) 8. both movements and thinking. neither movements nor thinking. Animals with smaller brains and simpler nervous systems have mostly brains and more complex nervous systems have mostly A) B) C) D) 9. learned; inherited inherited; learned innate; inherited learned; innate Crossbill birds have a beak that is designed to eat pine cones. If we trim the beak, the behavior disappears. This example illustrates: A) B) C) D) fixed behavior. flexible behavior. learned behavior. adaptive behavior. behaviors, whereas animals with larger behaviors. 3 | P a g e10. The sucking response observed in newborn human infants is an example of a(n): A) learned response. B) C) D) 11. inherited response. flexible response. adaptive response Which statement is the MOST accurate? A) B) Nonhuman animals have mostly inherited behavior and are little influenced by learning. Humans share many inherited behaviors but are mostly influenced by learning. C) D) 12. Unlike nonhuman animals, humans share very few inherited behaviors and are mostly influenced by learning. Unlike nonhuman animals, humans’ behavior is totally learned. The hypothesis that the psyche is responsible for behavior was expounded by: A) B) C) D) Charles Darwin. René Descartes. Aristotle. Socrates. 13. Mentalism is: 4 | P a g eA) B) C) D) 14. The A) B) C) D) 15. brain heart mind conscience the study of the mind. mental imagery. the notion that the mind is responsible for behavior. another word for mindfulness. is a nonmaterial entity that is responsible for intelligence, attention, awareness, and consciousness. The notion that the mind resides in the pineal body comes from: A) B) C) D) Charles Darwin. René Descartes. Aristotle. Socrates. 16. According to the philosophy of dualism: A) the body influences the mind. 5 | P a g eB) C) D) 17. the pineal body is the mind. the pineal body influences the body by directing fluids from the ventricles to the muscles. the pineal body is the mind and influences the body by directing fluids from the ventricles to the muscles. Subsequent research indicated that the pineal body was responsible for behavior. A) B) vision problem solving C) movement D) rather than controlling human biological rhythms 18. The difficulty in explaining how a nonmaterial mind can influence a material body is called: A) B) the mind problem. the mind-body problem. C) D) 19. the brain problem. the psyche problem Descartes’s followers would argue that: A) the mind and the body are separate at birth. 6 | P a g eB) C) D) 20. humans and very few other animals have minds. young children do not have minds. the mentally ill have minds. The notion that all behavior can be explained by the workings of the brain is commonly referred to as: A) B) psychology. experimentalism. C) materialism. D) dualism. 21. The notion that all living things are related was put forward by: A) B) C) Charles Darwin. Alfred Russel Wallace. neither Charles Darwin nor Alfred Russel Wallace. D) 22. both Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace. The notion that differential success in the reproduction of characteristics results from interactions between organisms and their environment is known as: A) B) natural selection. genetic theory. 7 | P a g eC) D) 23. biological theory. innate behavior. Images of blood flow in the brain in monkeys have demonstrated that: A) B) C) humans and monkeys use different brain areas for language. humans and monkeys use the same brain areas for language. monkeys show no brain activation for language because they cannot understand language. D) 24. None of the answers is correct. Individual variation in plants and animals was first explained by: A) B) C) D) Charles Darwin. Gregor Mendel . neither Charles Darwin nor Gregor Mendel. both Charles Darwin and Gregor Mendel. 25. The study of how genetic expression is related to the environment and experience is known as: A) genotyping. B) C) phenotyping. epigenetics. 8 | P a g eD) 26. environmental genetics. Neuroscientists study the nervous systems of other animals such as slugs, snails, fruit flies, rats and monkeys because: A) B) if all animals are related then all nervous systems are related and we can learn about the human brain by studying other animals. all animals’ nervous systems are different, which means that we need to study each animal separately in order to understand how their specific nervous system works. C) D) 27. the mind and the body are separate which means that we need to study a variety of different animals to see how their minds work. None of the answers is correct. Inherited behavior: A) B) C) D) is demonstrated only by animal instincts. includes emotional expressions in humans. cannot include emotional expressions in humans because the behavior is learned. includes emotional expression in animals but not in humans. 28. Of the 100,000 people in the United States who may become comatose in a given year, how many recover consciousness? A) B) 5 percent 20 percent 9 | P a g eC) D) 29. 30 percent 50 percent A person who can display some rudimentary behaviors such as smiling or blinking but is otherwise not conscious is described as being: A) B) C) D) in a coma. in a persistent vegetative state. in a minimally conscious state. brain dead. 30. In a study with a patient in a minimally conscious state, Schiff and colleagues found that dramatic improvements in the patient’s behavior. A) B) deep brain stimulation reading to the patient C) D) 31. music therapy gene therapy The first humanlike brain evolved: A) 700 million years ago. B) 250 million years ago. led to 10 | P a g eC) D) 32. 6 million years ago. 100,000 to 200,000 years ago. The first brain evolved approximately: A) 200,000 years ago. B) 100,000 to 3 million to 4 million years ago. C) D) 33. 250 million years ago. 700 million years ago. Humans are of the order A) B) C) D) 34. mammals; primates primates; mammals primates; great apes great apes; primates Which sequences is correct? A) B) C) D) and the family . phylum, order, class, family, genus, species phylum, class, order, family, genus, species phylum, class, family, order, genus, species phylum, family, class, order, genus, species 11 | P a g e35. The branch of biology that is concerned with naming and classifying species is: A) B) C) D) genetics. embryology. taxonomy. evolutionary biology. 36. Humans, monkeys, Neanderthals, and chimpanzees—all belong to the same: A) B) C) D) species. genus. family. order. 37. Humans, tigers, dogs, and monkeys are all part of the same: A) B) C) species. class. genus. D) family. 12 | P a g e38. Insects have: A) B) C) D) only nerve nets. only a few ganglia. enough ganglia to be called a brain. the same brain organization as a chordate. 39. The correct order of organisms from the least complex to the most complex nervous system is: A) B) C) D) flatworm, frog, squid, sea anemone. sea anemone, frog, flatworm, squid. sea anemone, flatworm, squid, frog. frog, sea anemone, squid, flatworm. 40. Animals with both a brain and a spinal cord are called: A) mammals. B) eukaryotic. C) D) 41. primates. chordates. Humans are unique in that they have the: A) largest brain of any animal species. 13 | P a g eB) C) D) 42. most complex spinal cord of any animal species. largest brain to body size ratio of any living animal. most advanced nervous system of any living animal. More advanced nervous systems often have similar structures on the left and right sides (e.g., the left and right hemispheres of the brain). This concept is known as: A) mirroring. B) bilateral symmetry. C) D) 43. bilateral structures. mirror symmetry. A notochord is a: A) B) C) D) spinal cord and a brain. longitudinal flexible rod in the back. segmented spine. segmented spine and spinal cord. 44. Chordates are any organisms that have: A) B) a brain. a spinal cord. 14 | P a g eC) D) 45. a peripheral nervous system. a brain and a spinal cord. The correct order of the evolution of nervous systems from simple to complex is: A) B) C) D) nerve net, segmentation, ganglia, spinal cord, brain. spinal cord, nerve net, brain, ganglia, segmentation. brain, spinal cord, nerve net, segmentation, ganglia. ganglia, nerve net, segmentation, brain, spinal cord. 46. Other than humans, which chordate has the largest forebrain? A) B) C) D) reptiles amphibians birds bony fish 47. Increased brain size and increased folding are most prominent in which chordate species? A) B) C) D) dolphins primates neither primates nor dolphins both primates and dolphins 15 | P a g e48. The primate order contains approximately: A) B) C) D) 275 species. 375 species. 475 species. 575 species. 49. Humans and chimpanzees shared a common ancestor approximately: A) B) C) D) 2–4 million years ago. 3–6 million years ago. 5–10 million years ago. 10-15 million years ago. 50. Humans are most closely related to: A) B) C) D) gibbons. orangutans. chimpanzees. gorillas. 16 | P a g e51. The first primate to walk upright similar to humans was: A) B) C) D) Homo erectus. Homo habilis. Neanderthals. Australopithecus. 52. The correct order of these early hominids from smallest to largest brain size is: A) B) C) D) Homo erectus, Homo habilis, Homo neanderthalensis. Homo habilis, Homo erectus, Homo neanderthalensis. Homo neanderthalensis, Homo habilis, Homo erectus. Homo habilis, Homo neanderthalensis, Homo erectus. 53. The oldest fossils that have been identified as human are approximately: A) B) C) D) 5 million years old. 200,000 years old. 2 million years old. 1 million years old. 54. Which of our human ancestors had the largest brain size? A) Australopithecus 17 | P a g eB) C) D) 55. Neanderthals Homo habilis Homo erectus Tools are associated with: A) B) C) D) Homo habilis. Homo erectus. Homo sapiens. All of the answers are correct. 56. Modern humans appeared approximately: A) B) C) D) 50,000 years ago. 200,000 years ago. 100,000 years ago. 1 million years ago. 57. Homo sapiens coexisted with: A) B) C) Homo erectus. Homo habilis. Neanderthals. 18 | P a g eD) 58. Australopithecus. Which sequences is correct? A) B) C) D) Homo habilis, Homo erectus, Homo sapiens Homo erectus, Homo habilis, Homo sapiens Homo habilis, Homo sapiens, Homo erectus Homo erectus, Homo sapiens, Homo habilis 59. Modern Europeans may have acquired genes that helped them adapt to the cold and absorb more vitamin D through interbreeding with: A) B) C) D) Homo habilis. Homo erectus. Neanderthals. Australopithecus. 60. The idea that species exhibiting more complex behaviors will possess relatively larger brains is summed up by: A) B) C) the principle of proper mass. encephalization quotient. the principle of mass action. 19 | P a g eD) 61. relativization. The encephalization quotient is determined by: A) B) C) D) measuring the size of an animal’s brain. measuring the weight of an animal’s brain. relating actual brain size to expected brain size. comparing the brain size of different species with one another. 62. Which living animal has an encephalization quotient that is closest to modern humans? A) B) C) D) Chimpanzee Elephant Blue whale Dolphin 63. Which has the largest encephalization quotient? A) Monkey B) Chimpanzee C) D) Homo habilis Dolphin 20 | P a g e64. The human cerebellum contains about as many neurons as the cerebrum. A) B) C) D) 65. half one third four times twice Although the elephant brain contains many more neurons than the human brain, most of these additional neurons are located in the elephant’s: A) B) C) D) cerebellum. cerebrum. spinal cord. brain stem. 66. Climate change may have placed pressure on apes to adapt to their environment. Specifically, apes that lived in A) B) C) D) drier wetter colder coastal climates may have begun to walk upright. 21 | P a g e67. Dunbar proposed that group sizes of tend to be correlated with increased brain size in primates. A) B) C) D) 68. about 50 about 100 about 150 more than 200 Vegetation eaters have: A) B) C) D) larger brains than fruit eaters. smaller brains than fruit eaters. greater social skills than fruit eaters. larger brains and greater social skills than fruit eaters. 69. Eating fruit favors a larger brain because it: A) B) C) D) requires good sensory skills. requires good motor skills. requires good memory skills. All of the answers are correct. 70. Fruit-eating primates: A) have a smaller brain than vegetation eaters. 22 | P a g eB) C) D) 71. eat more glucose and thus have a larger brain than vegetation eaters. forage more than vegetation eaters and thus have a larger brain. None of the answers is correct. Howler monkeys have smaller brains than equally sized spider monkeys. This is thought to stem from the fact that: A) B) C) D) howler monkeys eat more fruit than spider monkeys. howler monkeys eat less fruit than spider monkeys. howler monkeys eat less meat than spider monkeys. howler monkeys live in larger social groups than spider monkeys. You have discovered a new breed of monkey in the jungles of South America. The diet of these monkeys 72. appears to consist mainly of fruit. Based on what you know about evolution and other fruit-eating monkeys, which statement is likely to apply to this newly discovered breed of monkey? A) B) C) D) They will have color vision. They will have relatively larger brains (with respect to body size). They will have larger social groups. All of the answers are correct. 73. How much of the body’s resources does the brain use? 23 | P a g eA) B) C) D) 74. A) C) D) 75. A) B) D) 76. 20 percent 50 percent 10 percent 80 percent Humans are classed as: fruit eaters. B) vegetation eaters. both fruit and vegetation eaters. a separate category from vegetation and fruit eaters. allowed humans to maximize caloric gain and spend less time foraging. Living in larger social groups Cooking food C) Eating vegetation All of the answers are correct. The radiator hypothesis is a theory relating to: A) cooling of the brain by blood flow. B) cooling of the brain by cerebral spinal fluid. 24 | P a g eC) D) 77. cooling of the brain by blood flow and cerebral spinal fluid. None of the answers is correct. Compared with Australopithecus skulls, human skulls contain holes through which blood vessels could pass. This would have led to: A) B) C) D) better brain cooling. increased brain size. changes in diet. both better brain cooling and increased brain size. 78. Stedman and colleagues argue that size reductions in facial muscles and facial bones in early hominids may have led to: A) B) C) D) changes in diet. changes in mating patterns. changes in hunting strategies. None of the answers is correct. 79. Our small face, vaulted cranium, upright mobility, and distribution of hair are features that link us with juvenile chimps. This illustrates: A) B) natural selection. neoteny. 25 | P a g eC) D) selective dominant traits. selective environmental influences. 80. A) B) C) D) 81. greater genetic diversity. greater variety in diet. None of the answers is correct. One of the benefits of neoteny is that it allows: time for more brain cells to be produced. Brain size is correlated with: A) B) C) D) plasticity. body size. nutrition. All of the answers are correct. 82. If one person has a brain weighing 1000 grams and another has a brain weighing 1500 grams, the difference most likely reflects: A) B) C) a major difference in intelligence. water content. body size. 26 | P a g eD) 83. both water content and body size. A behavior that is typical of all members of a species is called: A) B) C) D) instinct. habit. member-typical behavior. species-typical behavior. 84. Which of the following is NOT correlated with brain size? A) B) C) D) Health Gender Age Intelligence 85. You and your grandfather both take the same intelligence test and you score almost 20 points higher! This is an example of the and it is likely due to A) B) C) D) Flynn effect; differences in education and/or life experiences Flynn effect; the increasing size of the human brain over generations Spearman effect; increasing size of the human brain over generations Spearman effect; differences in education and/or life experiences . 27 | P a g e86. Comparing intelligence between species is difficult because we are typically reduced to comparing: A) B) C) D) differences in brain size. differences in mating patterns. differences in species-typical behaviors. None of the answers is correct. 87. Studies of the brains of very intelligent people (e.g., Albert Einstein) have revealed that intelligent people’s brains: A) B) C) D) are usually larger than average. are usually smaller than average. have no size relation to intelligence. do not vary. 88. A) B) C) D) is the complex learned behaviors passed on from one generation to another. Neoteny Evolution Culture Intelligence 28 | P a g e89. The acquisition of culture by humans stems most directly from: A) B) C) D) an evolved ability for high mental flexibility. our larger brain. improved diet. the invention of smartphones. 90. The first artistic relics were made by modern humans approximately: A) B) C) D) 100,000 years ago. 55,000 years ago. 30,000 years ago. 10,000 years ago. 91. Reading and writing were invented approximately: A) B) C) D) 25,000 years ago. 7000 years ago. 12,000 years ago. 3000 years ago. are ideas, behaviors, or styles that spread from person to person in a culture and can be influenced 29 | P a g e92. A) B) by brain structure. Phenotypes Trends C) Memes D) None of the answers is correct. 93. According to Mesoudi, language, music, mathematics, and art may have spread through cultures by way of: A) B) C) D) genetics. learning. religion. memes. 94. 95. 96. Differentiate between the central and peripheral nervous systems. Define Aristotle’s “psyche.” What is dualism? 30 | P a g e97. 98. 99. 100. 101. 102. 103. 104. Why was the pineal body important to Descartes? What is materialism and how has it influenced the study of neuroscience? What did Darwin postulate about emotional expressions? What is epigenetics and why is it an important topic to study? Define common ancestor and how this applies to Darwin’s theory of evolution. What is the difference between a minimally conscious state (MCS) and a persistent vegetative state (PVS)? Define taxonomy and apply it to humans. What are the seven general steps in the evolution of the nervous system? 31 | P a g e105. 106. Differentiate between Homo habilis and Homo erectus. What is an encephalization quotient? 107. Your friend says, “Of course elephants are smarter than dolphins, they have much bigger brains.” Why is your friend’s reasoning incorrect? What factors are he not taking into account to explain differences in brain size? 108. 109. 110. 111. How might climate changes have influenced the evolution of the human brain? How do fruit-eating primates differ from nonfruit-eating primates? How might this have influenced the evolution of the brain? What is the radiator hypothesis? How might it have shaped the evolution of the human brain? Define species-typical behavior. How does this influence our comparisons of intelligence across species? 32 | P a g eName: Date: 1. In a study on infant language, researchers found that when newborn infants listened to a familiar language there was a(n) in oxygenated hemoglobin, and there was in oxygenated hemoglobin when they listened to an unfamiliar language. A) decrease; an increase B) increase; no change C) decrease; no change D) increase; a decrease 33 | P a g e2. The electroencephalograph (EEG) was invented by: A) Hans Berger. B) Wilder Penfield. C) Paul Broca. D) Karl Lashley. 3. Broca’s area is located in the: A) temporal lobe. B) parietal lobe. C) frontal lobe. D) limbic lobe. The first field to study the 4. relationship between brain function and behavior was: A) neurology. B) neuropsychology. C) physiological physiology. D) behaviorism. 34 | P a g estains show cell bodies, whereas 5. bodies and processes (e.g., dendrites). A) Golgi; Nissl B) Nissl; Golgi C) Broca; Golgi D) Nissl; Broca stains show cell A study contrasting normal rats 6. and ADX rats (which had their adrenal glands removed) observed that: A) both groups of rats learned normally. both groups of rats had B) difficulty remembering objects they had encountered before. only ADX rats had difficulty C) remembering objects they had encountered before. corticosterone plays no D) role in learning and memory. 35 | P a g e7. The Corsi test measures: A) verbal memory. B) language. C) sensory perception. D) spatial memory. 8. The mirror drawing task measures: A) sensory perception. B) motor memory. C) sensory memory. D) spatial memory. 9. In rats, place learning is measured using: A) the Corsi test. B) a hidden escape platform in a swimming pool. C) the recency memory task. D) the block span task. 36 | P a g e10. For measuring spatial memory in rats the platform is placed in one location for numerous trials to measure , whereas the platform is placed in a new location on each trial for measuring . A) B) C) D) place learning; matching- to-place learning matching-to-place learning; place learning matching-to-place learning; landmark learning landmark learning; matching-to-place learning 11. Modifying the brain and observing the effects on behavior is a valuable experimental tool because: it allows researchers to develop testable A) hypotheses about how 37 | P a g ethe brain influences behavior. B) it allows a hypothesis to be tested experimentally. it allows for the C) development of animal models of human disorders. D) All of the answers are correct. 12. Lashley made lesions on the cortex of rats in his search for the location of memory. He found that: A) B) C) D) memory resided in the hippocampus. small lesions to the temporal lobes produced memory loss. memory is distributed throughout the brain and not located in any single place. None of the answers is correct. 38 | P a g eTo study the role of a specific 13. brain structure in behavior, you should: study patients with A) damage to the brain region of interest. study animals with B) damage to the brain region of interest. apply transcranial C) magnetic stimulation to the brain region of interest. D) All of the answers are correct. 14. In 1957 Scoville and Milner described a patient who had profound amnesia following a surgical removal of the: A) frontal lobe. B) amygdala. C) hippocampus. D) parietal lobe.