RELG 2650 Exam with 100% Verified and Updated Solutions

RELG 2650 Exam with 100% Verified and Updated Solutions Ethics - answerSustained and intentional reflection on morality and the moral life with analysis, discernment, reasoning, and argument. The process of evaluation on human morality. The Moral Event. Morality - answerThe dimension of human experience and human meaning that deals with our beliefs, sensibilities, decisions, patterns of living concerning what is RIGHT and what is WRONG. Thinking about the human good. Measure of "shouldness"" what SHOULD people do? Ethical Emphases - answer- Moral Norms= "deonotological", focuses on universal impartial rules and responsibilities of moral conduct (actions make something right/wrong) -Moral Actor= "virtue", regards the character of the person making a decision, virtue of their decision (coward/brave), and moral formation surrounding decision -Moral Outcomes= "consequential", concerned with effects of moral decision, maximum positive effects determine good/wrong of actions Bioethics - answerThe study of moral and ethical questions in the medicine/healthcare field. Evaluates ethical implications, moral subjects, moral dilemmas. Ties back to our fundamental beliefs. Emerged in 1960s with advances in medicine/technology. Shaped by its history. Multi-disciplinary: philosophy, medicine, theology, law, etc. It is controversial. Utilitarianism - answerA theory associated with Jeremy Bentham that is based upon the principle of "the greatest happiness for the greatest number". The fundamental moral good is maximizing "utility" through ethical decisions. Cost benefit analysis. Ex. Weighing resources and risks of treatment. Allocating finite resources. Downfalls of Utilitarianism - answer1. no independent weight to individual rights, autonomy, justification 2. difficulty of anticipating all outcomes and preventing negative outcomes 3. overly demanding (does not differentiate moral minimums from supererogatory) 4. do we not want to consider motive?? 5. end means problematic 6. absence of sacrifice, altruism Deontological - answerFormed by Kant. Ethical theory based on duty and obligation. Focuses on the moral norm/nature of action. Inspired by Enlightenment rationalism and autonomy. Absolute rule derived from ostensibly universal principles of reason, done out of sense of duty. ex: must always believe that lying is wrong: Kant believed he could logically derive absolute rules against killing the innocent, lying, committing suicide, and failing to rescue others, II- people cannot solely be a means; they must always be an ends Categorical Imperative - answerA concept developed by the philosopher Immanuel Kant as an ethical guideline for behavior. In deciding whether an action is right or wrong, or desirable or undesirable, a person should evaluate the action in terms of what would happen if everybody else in the same situation, or category, acted the same way (under universal law and importance of human relationship). Natural Law - answerA form of deontology and a doctrine that society should be governed by certain ethical principles that are part of nature (God embedded moral order into structure of creation) and, as such, can be understood by reason. Influential in the Roman/Catholic tradition. Nature is teleoogical (it has a purpose/meaning). This theory overrides considerations of utility, personal preference, and culturally specific laws. Supplies basic moral principles that can be applied to various situations.Right action conform to the moral standards in nature, general moral norms, Roman Catholics Rights Theory - answerAn ethical theory that identifies a hierarchy of rights that should be considered in solving ethical dilemmas. Derived from modern democratic thinking. Emphasizes that besides duties, consequences, and virtue, it is important to recognize positive "rights" that persons bear since it is essential for ethics. Person who holds a right is allowed for justified claim (+) or recognizable claim to be free from someone(-). Unethical for an entity to override anyone's rights, even if there is moral justification on the basis of utility and duty. Casuistry/Ethical Pragmatism - answerToo many problems emerge when trying to apply "abstract" rules/theories, therefore causitry focuses on the details of specific cases that arise with intuition of moral problem. Pays attention to the DETAILS of a particular circumstance (the moral event), this helps us feel more confident about judgments in that situation. Analyzes cases and then analogical reasoning from "pragmatic cases" (cases that seem morally clear) as a source of comparison and guidance. Divine Command - answerWhat is moral is relative to God, there are no universal moral principles that are binding on all people, morality is dependent on God's will and may differ from person to person or from religion to religion. God's will! Revelation - answerIn this beginning of forming a special relationship with God of a particular figure with particular people that God communicates his will and understanding for the good human life, how to flourish in both vertical relationship with God, and horizontal relationship with one another, and how God gives this as a GIFT to people. Used in Protestant bioethics, scripture alone- have to look at Bible, contains, essentials of the moral life mediated through scriptures and heritage of church, depositum fidei, God communicates his will for good human life, God gives this as a gift to his people Covenant - answerBerit. A special partnership, a solemn agreement between human beings or between God and a human being in which each side has mutual responsibilities and rights, initiated by God (asymmetrical). There is the notion that it is a SPECIFIC covenant with a SPECIFIC people. The purpose of the covenant was to spread to the rest of humanity. It is forged with specific people but made for the universe so that people flourish by God's design. Prophets - answerDuring the time of the monarchy in Israel, these people "spoke" for God. They called back people of Israel for their faithfulness in following/living the 10 commandment, and future vision of how people can continue to live in fullness of life (equality/justice). Prophetic imagination increases during the Exile. Torah - answerThe first five books of Jewish Scripture, which is the teaching/instruction that has specific code by which the people are going to live in their covenant relationship as a people (before God and one another). It is the basis of Jewish law of how life is ethically governed and lived according to the Commandments (mizrat). 613 covenants faithfulness with the lord. Says very little about medical care. Talmud - answerThe collection of Jewish rabbinic discussion pertaining to law, ethics, and tradition consisting of the Mishnah (oral Torah) and the Gemara. 600 CE, compilation of Mishnah (oral Jewish law) combined w/ Rabbinic commentary (Jewish scholar focus on efficacy and safety of medical practice) and decisions, 2 versions: 1 Palestinian and 1 Babylonian. Looks into this source to find answers for Jewish ethical living. Halakha - answerThe path/way, Jewish law as applied to Jewish living, responsorial, conversational, casuist, porous, open-ended, Jewish law and jurisprudence, based on the Talmud. Application of Jewish law from the original oral sources, the searching of Talmud by religious interpreter/authorities. Tikkun Olam - answerTikkun olam is a concept in Judaism, interpreted by some within Orthodox Judaism as the prospect of overcoming all forms of idolatry, and by other Jewish thinkers as an aspiration to behave and act constructively and beneficially. Repairing the world. Respect for life. Seen through responsibility of justice, health/healing. Healing of social order.