Bio 210 Final Exam Review 2024

Anatomy - Study of body structure Physiology - Study of function How are anatomy and physiology related? - structure determines what functions can take place Specialties in the study of anatomy - Macroscopic and microscopic Specialties in the study of physiology - Cell, special (specific organs), systemic (organ systems), and pathology (disease) Homeostasis - process by which organisms maintain a relatively stable internal environment components of homeostasis - stimulus, receptor (sensory), control center, effector (motor), effector organ How is homeostasis maintained? - positive and negative feedback loops Negative feedback (homeostasis) - need the feedback to decrease/shut off what's happening (sweating) Positive feedback (homeostasis) - have a stimulus that causes a response to not solve but enhance it -- less common (fever, childbirth) Most common form of homeostatic regulation? - Negative feedback Matter - Anything that has mass and takes up space Solid matter - Definite shape and volume Liquid matter - has a fixed volume but not a fixed shape Gas matter - has no fixed volume and no fixed shape Element - A substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances; only has one type of atom Atom - Smallest particle of an element Components of an atom - protons, neutrons, electrons Electron shell - a grouping of electrons surrounding the nucleus of an atom Valence shell - The outermost energy shell of an atom, containing the valence electrons involved in the chemical reactions of that atom. Ion - An atom or group of atoms that has a positive or negative charge. Cation - an ion with a positive charge Anion - an ion with a negative charge Electrolyte - ions in the human body that form an electrical current Octet rule - States that atoms lose, gain or share electrons in order to acquire a full set of eight valence electrons Dissociation of NaCl (sodium chloride) in water - Water pulls Na (sodium) and Cl (chloride) apart molecular formula - shows the types and numbers of atoms combined in a single molecule of a molecular compound structural formula - a formula that shows the arrangement of atoms in the molecule of a compound. ionic bond - A chemical bond resulting from the attraction between oppositely charged ions. covalent bond - A chemical bond formed when two atoms share electrons hydrogen bond - Attraction between a slightly positive hydrogen atom and a slightly negative atom. polar covalent molecule - water pH scale - scale with values from 0 to 14, used to measure the concentration of H+ ions in a solution Acid - A substance that increases the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution. pH less than 7 Base - A substance that decreases the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution. pH greater than 7 Buffer - A solution that minimizes changes in pH when extraneous acids or bases are added to the solution. Lipids - triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids, eicosanoids Lipids function - long term energy storage lipogenesis - the metabolic formation of fat Lipolysis - breakdown of fat Hydrophobic - Water fearing Hydrophilic - water loving Cholesterol function - prevents the membrane from being too rigid and from being too fluid Prostaglandis - hormone-like substance: stimulates uterus contraction, regulates body temp, can lower blood pressure Carbohydrates - Broken down to glucose to provide energy. Types of Carbohydrates - monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides Starch - Storage polysaccharide of plants. Cellulose - Carbohydrate component of plant cell walls. Glycogen - An extensively branched glucose storage polysaccharide found in the liver and muscle of animals; the animal equivalent of starch. Glycogenesis - glucose to glycogen Glycogenolysis - breakdown of glycogen into glucose glucogenesis - production of glucose Glucose - the form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues. Sucrose - glucose + fructose Proteins - amino acids amino acids - building blocks of proteins peptide bond - covalent bond formed between amino acids