Iowa 3OT Pesticide Manual exam with 100% correct answers already graded A+

EPA reported this much was spent on pesticide use for industrial/commercial/government sector and this much was spend for home and garden sector in 2012 1.4 billion; 3.3 billion Define integrated pest management System that uses all available and suitable pest control tactics to reduce pest populations to tolerable levels while minimizing adverse environmental side effects. Explain how aesthetic thresholds affect IPM tactics Aesthetic thresholds are based on tolerance, personal comfort, taste, plant appearance, and specific site conditions. Nurseries and the like have zero pest tolerance whereas landscape plantings might have low tolerance. Healthy lawns have a higher threshold than stressed, weakened lawns Explain how IPM can reduce the use of pesticides Pesticides are not meant to be a solution to all problems. IPM provides the most effective solutions in all regards, which may not always be pesticides. List the six control strategies used in IPM Cultural Mechanical Host resistance Biological Regulatory chemical Define pesticide Any material used to kill, attract, repel, regulate, or interrupt growth and mating of pests, or to regulate plant growth Contact pesticides Must physically touch the pest organism or be sprayed on the site the pest frequents to exert an action Example would be protective fungicide Must be re-applied to new plant tissues or if precipitation washes product off Systemic pesticide Enters the plant via roots or above ground plant tissues and is moved inside of the plant. Could render plant toxic to insect or mice Could move through plant to kill parts of the plant Example would be curative fungicide because it penetrates the plant and stops disease Preemergence Applied prior to weed seed germination. Little to no effect on weeds that have emerged Postemergence Applied to actively growing plants. Work best in sunlight, high humidity, good soil moisture Selective pesticide Control only certain types or stages of pests while leaving nontarget organisms unaffected. Example would be herbicide that kills broadleaf weeds and not turfgrass Nonselective pesticide Exert their action on a wide variety of pests. Control most of the plants they are sprayed on. Identify the best application timing for effective pest control as it pertains to: plant diseases, insects, and weeds Plant diseases For fungicides, it is critical that susceptible tissues be protected before an infection begins or at the first appearance of any symptoms Insects The younger the stage of insect, the more susceptible it is to chemical control. Weeds Generally most effective when applied to actively growing plants and least effective when plants are not actively growing Annual weeds are easiest to control in early spring Biennials should be treated in fall or early spring when in the rosette stage Perennial weeds can be controlled in early bloom stage or in the fall Explain how pesticide resistance develops in a pest population Resistance is the ability of a pest species that was once effectively controlled by a pesticide to survive spray concentrations that were previously effective. It is an inherited trait that results from repeated applications of pesticides with the same site of action or mode of action. Examples include pythium blight in turfgrass, botrytis in ornamental, green peach aphid in insects, and goosegrass weeds State the importance of the numeric codes at the top of a pesticide label and pesticide resistance These codes help applicators quickly identify the mode of action by looking at the group number. Varying this can help reduce resistance State four ways to minimize pesticide drift Correctly chosen nozzle Reduced spray pressure Monitor weather conditions Keeping the spray nozzle near the target Summarize the ways in which pesticides can injure nontarget plants Contact can kill or injure plants Movement into the root zone where it can be absorbed is also bad List posting rules for a pesticide application Required for urban areas or municipalities Notification signs must be posted at the start of an application to a treatment site 4 by 5 inches, weather proof, and above grass line "This are is chemically treated. Keep off. Do not remove sign for 24 hours." Explain how to clean up hard surfaces after a granular application Blow or sweep the material back into the turfgrass area or on the plant beds. Keep away from storm drain entrances List two characteristics of water that may influence the effectiveness of a spray mixture Water pH is one area of concern. If the water is alkaline (pH greater than 7) it can cause alkaline hydrolysis. If water is acidic (pH less than 7) it can cause acid hydrolysis Hardness of water is another concern Hardness is the amount of dissolved minerals in water Can inactivate pesticides Most groundwater in Iowa has a pH between 6.5 and 8.0 pesticide application methods for leaves Foliar spray Sprayed directly onto plant leaves Wiper application Pesticide applied to selected veget