Bio 315 Exam 1 Questions With All Correct Answers!!

Evolution: Before Darwin - Answer-Developmental change; from embryo to organism; predictable programmed order Progressive Evolution: During Darwin - Answer-Simpler organisms to complex; humans at apex; evo. change is directional Darwinian Evolution - Answer-Change in characters of a pop. or species over time; not preprogrammed and not directional Modern Evolution - Answer-Heritable change in a population over time from DNA to morphology changes; Descent with modification Theory of Special Creation - Answer-All species created individually and at same time; perfect so no mutations or changes at pop. level or evo.; Typological species concept - Answer-Species don't change, so all individuals are the same Theory of Evolution: Descent with modification - Answer-Species change over time(microevolution), have a common ancestor, creating new species(speciation); new life from older life(macroevolution); earth(>4.5 billion); life(>3.5 billion) Microevolution - Answer-Heritable and genetically based changes within species and populations Selective breeding, artificial selection - Answer-Each generation, breeders with the most desirable characteristics are chose Ted Garland and mouse selective breeding - Answer-high runner and control tracks; after 24 generations, the female mice on high runner tracks ran more and exhibited ADHD behavior-led to Ritalin; changes in morphology, physiology, and neurology Selective breeding of dogs - Answer-All descended from wolves; differences in sizes, colorAdaptive evo. response of pink salmon - Answer-Odd and even numbered breeding populations; warming of climate means salmon breeding earlier and late migration marker allele decreased in both pop. Examples of evolution - Answer-Penicillin resistant bacteria; evolution of insect resistance to insecticides; weedy plants evo of resistance to herbicides Vestigial structures - Answer-Useless body part that is important in other organisms; rear legs in some snakes, eye sockets in sightless bats; appendix in humans Four stages of speciation - Answer-1. Variable population of interbreeding individuals 2.Distinguishable but interbreeding subpopulations 3.Distinct populations with limited breeding 4.Reproductively isolated populations=species Evidence of extinction - Answer-fossils Law of sucession - Answer-Close relationships between extant and fossil species from same geographical area Transitional forms - Answer-Transitional species that have characteristics of ancestral species and of recent descendents Archaeopteryx - Answer-Transitional fossil that has feathers of birds and skeletal features of a dino Analogy - Answer-Similar characteristics due to function and not common ancestry Homology - Answer-Similar characteristics due to common ancestry Examples of homolgies - Answer-forelimbs of tetrapod verts and developmental stages of verts Uniformatarianism vs Catastrophism - Answer-The idea of natural forces such as, erosion causes geological changes vs catastrophes such as flooding by godMolecular homology - Answer-Most all organisms have DNA and RNA Evolution by natural selection - Answer-Species descended and evolved from a few ancestors by the process of natural selection-individuals best suited to their environments Four postulates of Evo. by natural selections - Answer-1.Individuals within populations are variable 2.Some traits are heritable 3.In every generation, some are better at reproducing 4.The successful indiviudals had the desirable heritable traits G. fortis and beak size - Answer-During drought, deep billed birds able to crack large seeds, directional selection Natural selections acts on individuals but affects pop. - Answer-Change occurs in populations, during the process individuals die off and others survive and reproduce Natural selection acts on phenotypes but evo involves changes in gene frequency - Answer-Nat selection changes the morphology frequencies but for evolution to have happened the gene frequency needs to change Natural selection is not forward looking - Answer-Can't predict future, evolution always a step behind the environment Natural selection acts on existing traits but new traits can evolve - Answer-New traits can't be created in a generation but mutations occur that can lead to new traits over time Natural selection doesn't lead to perfection - Answer-Adaption not perfection 3 problems with Darwin's theory - Answer-1. Variation: wasn't aware of mutation 2.Inheritance: mechanism unknown 3. Time: Kelvin underestimated earth's ageMendel inheritance v. blending - Answer-Idea of genes being inherited and passed on v. genes blending and decreasing overall variation 4 postulates of modern synthesis - Aiduals within populations are variable for nearly all traits due to mutation 2. At least some of this variation is heritable, genes intact when passed on 3. more offspring are produced than can survive. 4. The individuals that survive and go on to reproduce are best adapted to environment. Phylogeny - Answer-Evolutionary history of a group of species Phylogenetic tree - Answer-Graphical representation of a phylogeny through time