PCB 3063 Final Exam Study Guide
Link to other Google Docs/Quizlets:
Exam 1 (No Google Docs, only Quizlet): https://quizlet.com/join/sj6U7dz7h
Exam 2: PCB 3063 Exam 2 Review
Exam 3: PCB 3063 EXAM 3 Study Guide
Exam 4: PCB 3063 Exam 4 Study Guide
- Translation Video:
Copy of Bacterial Protein Synthesis Animation - Initiation, Elongation and T…
1. When and where was animal domestication first carried out? (Exam 1/Ch. 0)
Middle East (Animals→ 13000 BCE / Plants → 8000 BCE )
2. Eugenics definition. Three consequences in America? Father of eugenics in America?
(Exam 1/Ch. 0)
● Eugenics was coined by Galton
● Eugenics: study of how to arrange reproduction within a human population to
increase the occurrence of heritable characteristics regarded as desirable
● Positive : promotes reproduction among the ones with those desirable
characteristics
● Negative: discourages reproduction among the “undesirable” (Charles
Davenport developed this in America)
● Consequences in America: Immigration restriction Act, Anti-race mixing
laws, & sterilization of “unfit” individuals
3. Difference between positive and negative eugenics. (see question 2)
4. August Weismann theory of Germplasm (Exam 1/Ch. 0)
Germplasm Theory of Heredity: germ plasm, which is independent from all other cells of
the body (somatoplasm), is the essential element of germ cells (eggs and sperm) and is
the hereditary material that is passed from generation to generation
5. Who rediscovered Mendel’s laws? (Exam 1/Ch. 0)
William Bateson, who came close to rediscovering Mendel's laws through his own
experiments, became one of the leading advocates of Mendelian genetics. First to
demonstrate experimentally the extension of Mendel's Laws to animals. Coined the
term genetics to describe the science of heredity. Known as Mendel’s bulldog.
, Three botanists - Hugo DeVries, Carl Correns and Erich von Tschermak - independently
rediscovered Mendel's work in the same year, a generation after Mendel published his
papers. They helped expand awareness of the Mendelian laws of inheritance in the
scientific world.
6. Definition of true breeding lines.
→ a group of genetically identical homozygous individuals that, when intercrossed,
produce only offspring that are identical to their parents. (trait doesn’t vary from
generation to generation)
7. Polygenic inheritance and quantitative traits, definitions (Exam 3/Ch. 28)
● Polygenic Inheritance: is the transmission of one characteristic govern by 2 or +
genes
● Quantitative trait: a measurable phenotype that depends on the cumulative actions
of many genes and the environment. (height, weight, skin color, heart rate, heart
disease, speed)
8. Properties of DNA including complementarity. What is the length of one turn of the
double helix in nanometers? (Exam 4/ Ch. 9)
● Genetic material must fulfill 4 criteria: contain info. necessary to construct
organism, transmission from parent to offspring, replication & variation
● DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) is one of the 2 types of nucleic acids (DNA & RNA)
that consists of 2 complementary strands of repeating units called nucleotides
linked together in a linear manner.
● The complementary strands interact to form a double helix structure
● One turn of double helix = 3.4 nm (or 10 bp)
● At one end of a strand a free 5’ phosphate is located. At the end of the strand a
free 3’ hydroxyl.
● Nucleotide: nitrogenous base + sugar + phosphate(s)
● Nitrogenous bases
- Purine = double ring structure; Adenine (A) or Guanine (G). Easy way to
remember PUR As Gold
- Pyrimidine = single ring structure; Thymine (T), Cytosine (C) , Uracil (U, only
in RNA). Easy way to remember CUT the Py
- ***NOTE: According to the AT/GC base-pairing rule, purines (A and G) always
base-pair with the pyrimidines (T and C). Pairing a purine with a pyrimidine
ensures a consistent diameter of the helix.
● Sugars: 2 kinds of pentose → Ribose (RNA) & Deoxyribose (DNA)
, ● Phosphates: attached to the C-5’ of the sugar via ester bonds (5’-3’
phosphodiester bonds link adjacent nucleotides)
● Nucleoside: sugar + base
● General Features of DNA double helix structure:
1. 2 strands twisted around common axis
2. 10 bp / 3.4nm per complete turn of double helix
3. Antiparallel strand (one going 5’ → 3’ direction & the other 3’--> 5’)
4. Right-handed helix
5. Sugar-phosphate backbone → outside
6. Nitrogenous bases “stacked” → inside
7. Hydrogen bonds between nitrogenous bases bond the 2 strands together (2
between A & T and 3 between G & C)
- A Two Car Garage
8. 2 asymmetrical grooves (indentations where bases are in contact with water)
outside helix (a major/wider & a minor/ narrower)
9. What is the scope of the science of genetics? (Exam 1/Ch.1)
Geneticists study all aspects of genes. The study of the mode of gene transmission from
generation to generation is broadly called transmission genetics; the study of structure
and function of the gene forms molecular genetics, and the study of behavior of genes
in populations is called population genetics.
These 3 significant subdivisions of genetics are arbitrary and there is considerable
overlapping. It is the knowledge of how genes act and how they are sent down through
the generations that have actually merged biology; formerly, the particular set of
biological phenomena had actually each been designated to separate disciplines.
10. What are various factors that are responsible for the accuracy of DNA replication?
(Exam 4/Ch. 11)
- The function of different enzymes. This includes DNA helicase, Topoisomerase,
Single-stranded binding protein, DNA Polymerase III, DNA Polymerase I, DNA
Ligase, Tus, DnaA protein, DnaC protein, Primase, etc. All of these enzymes or
proteins have a specific role when DNA is being replicated.
11. Scheme of pigmentation for a plant organ or seed given. What color is expected for that
particular organ or seed, if the genotypes of the parents are given?
Link to other Google Docs/Quizlets:
Exam 1 (No Google Docs, only Quizlet): https://quizlet.com/join/sj6U7dz7h
Exam 2: PCB 3063 Exam 2 Review
Exam 3: PCB 3063 EXAM 3 Study Guide
Exam 4: PCB 3063 Exam 4 Study Guide
- Translation Video:
Copy of Bacterial Protein Synthesis Animation - Initiation, Elongation and T…
1. When and where was animal domestication first carried out? (Exam 1/Ch. 0)
Middle East (Animals→ 13000 BCE / Plants → 8000 BCE )
2. Eugenics definition. Three consequences in America? Father of eugenics in America?
(Exam 1/Ch. 0)
● Eugenics was coined by Galton
● Eugenics: study of how to arrange reproduction within a human population to
increase the occurrence of heritable characteristics regarded as desirable
● Positive : promotes reproduction among the ones with those desirable
characteristics
● Negative: discourages reproduction among the “undesirable” (Charles
Davenport developed this in America)
● Consequences in America: Immigration restriction Act, Anti-race mixing
laws, & sterilization of “unfit” individuals
3. Difference between positive and negative eugenics. (see question 2)
4. August Weismann theory of Germplasm (Exam 1/Ch. 0)
Germplasm Theory of Heredity: germ plasm, which is independent from all other cells of
the body (somatoplasm), is the essential element of germ cells (eggs and sperm) and is
the hereditary material that is passed from generation to generation
5. Who rediscovered Mendel’s laws? (Exam 1/Ch. 0)
William Bateson, who came close to rediscovering Mendel's laws through his own
experiments, became one of the leading advocates of Mendelian genetics. First to
demonstrate experimentally the extension of Mendel's Laws to animals. Coined the
term genetics to describe the science of heredity. Known as Mendel’s bulldog.
, Three botanists - Hugo DeVries, Carl Correns and Erich von Tschermak - independently
rediscovered Mendel's work in the same year, a generation after Mendel published his
papers. They helped expand awareness of the Mendelian laws of inheritance in the
scientific world.
6. Definition of true breeding lines.
→ a group of genetically identical homozygous individuals that, when intercrossed,
produce only offspring that are identical to their parents. (trait doesn’t vary from
generation to generation)
7. Polygenic inheritance and quantitative traits, definitions (Exam 3/Ch. 28)
● Polygenic Inheritance: is the transmission of one characteristic govern by 2 or +
genes
● Quantitative trait: a measurable phenotype that depends on the cumulative actions
of many genes and the environment. (height, weight, skin color, heart rate, heart
disease, speed)
8. Properties of DNA including complementarity. What is the length of one turn of the
double helix in nanometers? (Exam 4/ Ch. 9)
● Genetic material must fulfill 4 criteria: contain info. necessary to construct
organism, transmission from parent to offspring, replication & variation
● DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) is one of the 2 types of nucleic acids (DNA & RNA)
that consists of 2 complementary strands of repeating units called nucleotides
linked together in a linear manner.
● The complementary strands interact to form a double helix structure
● One turn of double helix = 3.4 nm (or 10 bp)
● At one end of a strand a free 5’ phosphate is located. At the end of the strand a
free 3’ hydroxyl.
● Nucleotide: nitrogenous base + sugar + phosphate(s)
● Nitrogenous bases
- Purine = double ring structure; Adenine (A) or Guanine (G). Easy way to
remember PUR As Gold
- Pyrimidine = single ring structure; Thymine (T), Cytosine (C) , Uracil (U, only
in RNA). Easy way to remember CUT the Py
- ***NOTE: According to the AT/GC base-pairing rule, purines (A and G) always
base-pair with the pyrimidines (T and C). Pairing a purine with a pyrimidine
ensures a consistent diameter of the helix.
● Sugars: 2 kinds of pentose → Ribose (RNA) & Deoxyribose (DNA)
, ● Phosphates: attached to the C-5’ of the sugar via ester bonds (5’-3’
phosphodiester bonds link adjacent nucleotides)
● Nucleoside: sugar + base
● General Features of DNA double helix structure:
1. 2 strands twisted around common axis
2. 10 bp / 3.4nm per complete turn of double helix
3. Antiparallel strand (one going 5’ → 3’ direction & the other 3’--> 5’)
4. Right-handed helix
5. Sugar-phosphate backbone → outside
6. Nitrogenous bases “stacked” → inside
7. Hydrogen bonds between nitrogenous bases bond the 2 strands together (2
between A & T and 3 between G & C)
- A Two Car Garage
8. 2 asymmetrical grooves (indentations where bases are in contact with water)
outside helix (a major/wider & a minor/ narrower)
9. What is the scope of the science of genetics? (Exam 1/Ch.1)
Geneticists study all aspects of genes. The study of the mode of gene transmission from
generation to generation is broadly called transmission genetics; the study of structure
and function of the gene forms molecular genetics, and the study of behavior of genes
in populations is called population genetics.
These 3 significant subdivisions of genetics are arbitrary and there is considerable
overlapping. It is the knowledge of how genes act and how they are sent down through
the generations that have actually merged biology; formerly, the particular set of
biological phenomena had actually each been designated to separate disciplines.
10. What are various factors that are responsible for the accuracy of DNA replication?
(Exam 4/Ch. 11)
- The function of different enzymes. This includes DNA helicase, Topoisomerase,
Single-stranded binding protein, DNA Polymerase III, DNA Polymerase I, DNA
Ligase, Tus, DnaA protein, DnaC protein, Primase, etc. All of these enzymes or
proteins have a specific role when DNA is being replicated.
11. Scheme of pigmentation for a plant organ or seed given. What color is expected for that
particular organ or seed, if the genotypes of the parents are given?
