AAMC 1 FULL REVIEW- PSYCH/SOC exam questions fully solved & verified for accuracy 2024

Compared to the simultaneous condition, the serial condition of the experiment would be more likely to cause: A.a primacy effect. B.a state dependency effect. C.a misinformation effect. D.a dual-coding effect. The passage states that the SERIAL condition had participants presented with objects one at a time. The SIMULTANEOUS condition had subjects presented with object all at once. A. The primacy effect states that subjects remember objects that are presented first. The primacy effect is specifically talking about order of events. The researchers change the procedure such that instead of placing the objects in a box, the participants have to recall all the objects that they have seen during training. According to the spreading of activation theory, which type of memory error is most likely? A.Making source monitoring errors regarding the location of the training objects B.Poorer memory for the training objects seen at the later points in the experiment C.Selective forgetting of the training objects that were placed in the center of the box D.Recalling objects that were not presented but are from the same category as the training objects Spreading activation theory says that when a concept is activated, the activation spreads to concepts that are semantically or associatively related to it. POE: A: source monitoring errors are when the source of memory are incorrectly attributed to some specific recollected experience. EXAMPLE: you are told about a new restaurant from a friend, but later on, you tell another person that you heard about the restaurant form the new. This is putting this memory with the wrong source that it came from. *this does not reflect spreading activation B: this has nothing to do with spreading activation. This has to do with the recency effect. The recency effect suggests that objects are better recalled when they are the last thing a person it told/or shown. (opposite of primacy effect) C: no D. this is spreading activation! The answer choice states that when the subject is shown objects of similar category, it causes the subject to name objects in the same category. It activates one thing, leading to an activation of another The findings described in the passage suggest that memory for locations: A.is comparable to adults by nine years of age. B.is influenced by categorical knowledge. C.becomes more accurate with age. D.relies solely on recall of distances. POE: C and D are out because D is strongly worded and C completely goes against the results in the graph (shows that adults have more mistakes). A is wrong because all of the others are different than adults. The kiddos do better than adults. B: CORRECT This would make sense because adults have more knowledge of categories and groupings than youngins! Youngins may get order right because they do not know the category that an object is in. The children from the experiment in the passage participate in a separate study using Piaget's water conservation task. They are shown two identical beakers, containing equal amounts of water. The water from one of the containers is poured into a thinner and taller beaker. Which prediction is most likely to be confirmed? A.All three age groups will state that the water in the taller beaker is greater in quantity. B.The majority of the 11-year-olds will state that the amount of water in the taller beaker is the same as in the original beaker. C.The majority of the 9- and 11-year-olds will state that the amount of water in the taller beaker is greater in quantity. D.The majority of the 7-year-olds will state that the amount of water in the taller beaker is the same as in the original beaker. This question is referring to Piaget's concrete observations part of his theory. This is masters at around age 11. It starts at age 7. POE: A: you know this is wrong because ages 7, 9, and 11 are at different stages of development. Also second half says "taller beaker is greater in quantity" indicating that no one in these age groups got this right. B: This is correct. mastering of concrete observations is at age 11ish! C: again, 9 and 11 are v different ages. and it's saying greater in quantity. D: this is the very beginning of the concrete observation period. There is no way mastery occurs this fast! Maintenance Factor 1 is most closely related to which approach to psychological disorders? A.Psychodynamic B.Behaviorist C.Trait D.Humanistic Passage: patients with high interoceptive awareness are likely to associate mild changes in bodily sensations (such as slightly heightened heartbeat) with the panic they experienced during panic attacks; this leads to conditioned fear in response to changes in bodily sensations (Maintenance Factor 1) Only answer choice here that deals with conditioning is behaviorist approach. REMEMBER: Behaviorist deals with BOTH classical and operant conditioning!!!!! According to Maintenance Factor 1, mild changes in bodily sensations act as: A.unconditioned stimuli. B.conditioned stimuli. C.unconditioned responses. D.conditioned responses. Passage: patients with high interoceptive awareness are likely to associate mild changes in bodily sensations (such as slightly heightened heartbeat) with the panic they experienced during panic attacks; this leads to conditioned fear in response to changes in bodily sensations (Maintenance Factor 1) ***leads to a CONDITIONED fear. Cross out A and C as the refer to unconditioned stuff. The response is what is described in the passage. B. a conditioned stimulus is a neutral stimulus that, over time and training, evokes a response by repeatedly being linked with another naturally occurring stimulus. unconditioned stimuli---> unconditioned response conditioned stimuli ------> conditioned response For Patient 2, panic attacks act as: A.discriminatory stimuli. B.signaling stimuli. C.positive punishers. D.negative punishers. Passage: Patient 2, "I am terrified of having a panic attack at a meeting. I dread the thought of others noticing how nervous I am. I'm worried that others will think I am weird. I don't go to meetings anymore." POE: Cross out A and B. Nothing to do with this. Positive punishment is when you ADD something to make a behavior happen. Negative punishment is when you TAKE AWAY something to make a behavior happen. Panic attacks have been ADDED to this situation, causing a change in behavior. Interoceptive awareness involves sensitivity to increases in the activity of the: A.reticular activation system. B.autonomic nervous system. C.limbic system. D.somatic nervous system. Passage: high interoceptive awareness are likely to associate mild changes in bodily sensations (such as slightly heightened heartbeat) HEARTBEAT is related to autonomic nervous system. B. Which two processes best summarize maintenance factors 1 and 2, respectively? A.Operant conditioning and top-down processes B.Classical conditioning and affective processes C.Operant conditioning and physiological processes D.Classical conditioning and cognitive processes Passage: patients with high interoceptive awareness are likely to associate mild changes in bodily sensations (such as slightly heightened heartbeat) with the panic they experienced during panic attacks; this leads to conditioned fear in response to changes in bodily sensations (Maintenance Factor 1) misappraisal of bodily sensations (Maintenance Factor 2), such as interpreting bodily sensations as signs of imminent death or loss of control. ***Classical conditioning pairs a behavior with an arbitrary stimulus, while operant conditioning pairs a behavior with a punishment or a reward. POE: A and C are out. In operant conditioning, behavior is paired with a punishment. There is no punishment in the passage when it talks about maintenance factors. B is gone because affective processes don't apply to factor 2. Affective processes include all feelings and responses, positive or negative, related to emotion-laden behavior, knowledge, or beliefs. Affect can alter perceptions of situations as well as outcomes of cognitive effort; it can also fuel, block, or terminate cognition and behavior. D. APPRAISAL (interpretation)= COGNITIVE PROCESS bottom-up processing vs top-down Bottom up= BEGINS with a stimulus. stimulus influences our perception. Start with NO preconceived notion. example: you're in a stick shift car and you have no idea how to drive it so you sit there. Top down= uses background knowledge to influence perception. example: you are strolling down the street and you see a green garden hose. you mistakenly believe it's an anaconda and you are frightened. You belief that the green hose was a snake made you perceive it as dangerous and you were frightened. Data on the role of Maintenance Factor 1 on PD is LEAST likely to come from which type of research? A.Correlational studies B.Case studies C.Longitudinal studies D.Experimental studies Maintenance factor one involves bodily responses. The answer is D because it is difficult to manipulating participants' physiological states and their sensitivity to changes in those states. Harlequin ichthyosis, a rare genetic disorder, causes the skin to become thick and scaly. Flaking skin behind the eyelids of individuals with this condition is most likely to damage which structure of the eye? A.Choroid B.Cornea C.Lens D.Retina Cornea is the outer layer of eye, right next to skin Sound-induced vibrations depolarize hair cells of the cochlea by opening ion channels that are gated in what way? A.Chemically B.Mechanically C.Electrically D.Synaptically B. Hair cells in cochlea are mechanical!!!! Max attends a party and does not make eye contact with, or approach, his acquaintance, Sam. According to the actor-observer bias, which graph best represents how Max and Sam view this behavior? actor observer bias involves the ACTOR (the one doing the action) to be influenced by ish that is going on. (not fowling well) (EXTERNAL cases) The OBSERVER attributes this to things that are wrong with the person. (he is socially awk) (INTERNAL cases) In a study, each trial involves administering a drop of lemon juice to the participant's tongue and measuring the participant's level of salivation. As more trials are conducted, the researcher finds that the magnitude of salivation declines. After a certain point, the researcher switches to administering lime juice. This researcher is most likely studying which process? A.Sensory perception B.Habituation and dishabituation C.Stimulus generalization in classical conditioning D.Conditioned responses in classical conditioning POE: bye c and d B: study involves reduced responding to a repeating stimulus, which is best described as habituation. The researcher then changes the stimulus, which will likely lead to dishabituation. Which explanation of the results of Study 1 presents the most appropriate application of the optimal arousal theory? Reminding participants of: A.their membership in a stereotyped group leads to optimal arousal, which results in varying levels of performance depending on ability. B.their membership in a stereotyped group leads to fluctuating arousal and results in poor performance. C.a negative stereotype associated with their identity increases arousal beyond what is optimal and leads to poor performance. D.a positive stereotype associated with them eliminates arousal completely, which results in optimal performance. Graph shows that people scored best with ethnic identity, least with gender, and middle with control (close to ethnic). Based on the graph, C would be the only correct answer. POE: D is too strongly worded. B: there was not a poor performance for the ethnic stereotype A: Ability is not discussed and has nothing to do with the results.