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The four challenges of Communication and how to overcome them Effective communication requires significant intellectual and psychological resources. Not everyone we encounter will appreciate the value of communication. We may over-rely on digitally mediated communication. We live in a diverse world where intercultural understanding can be difficult The Linear Model of Communication The linear model of communication reveals the basic components of a simple exchange between two people. It illustrates a straightforward process in which an individual communicator transmits a message to a receiving communicator. The Transactional Model of Communication This more detailed, realistic model of communication illustrates how the sender and the receiver develop, share, shape, and reshape ideas at the same time. The three elements of the perception process Selection , interpretation , organization Individualism vs. Collectivism A culture that values individualism values people who are assertive and speak for themselves, independent, and not reliant on others to any great extent. Individualists tend to remain somewhat emotionally disconnected or distant from others. collectivism value their membership in their particular in-group to such an extent that they place a greater importance on their role within the group than their role as an individual. High context vs. low context When communicators require explicit or clear verbal messages to understand a message, we refer to this as a low-context orientation to communication , high-context communicators will rely more on nonverbal communication than straightforward verbal messages. High power distance vs. low power distance place a great deal of value on social rank and the status associated with certain occupations or political offices. These cultures are said to have a high power distance orientation. In low power distance cultures, such as those indicative of Israel, Denmark, Sweden, Great Britain, Germany, Canada, and the United States (Samovar et al., 2009), people tend to communicate in ways that promote equality and diminish the barriers between people that status and rank create Masculinity and femininity Masculine cultures value competitiveness and achievement, even at the expense of interpersonal relationships. Direct, forceful communication is valued and appreciated. In feminine cultures, relationships, compassion, and nurturing are highly valued. Cooperation, listening, and showing empathy are important communication skills. Polychronism vs. monochronism People of monochronic cultures tend to like doing one thing at a time, being punctual, and concentrating fully to meet their commitments. Polychronic people tend to like working on multiple things at one time. Their style may seem chaotic and unfocused to a monochronic individual. Polychronic people are flexible in terms of starting times for appointments and deadlines. Benefits of new media communication New media have removed the barriers of time and space in other ways as well. new media have allowed people and organizations to become global in their interactions and impact. New Media Often Allow for Social Networking and Community Building Pitfalls of new media communication new media lack the personality and personal nature of face-to-face communication and can consequently result in misunderstandings. constant connection to our friends, family, and romantic partners may create strain when we actually spend face-to-face time together. Synchronous vs. asynchronous communication Synchronous communication involves instant replies and back-and-forth, real-time interaction asynchronous communication occurs outside of the constraints of time and place. Email is often asynchronous because we use it to send messages and wait for responses when receivers are not at their communication devices Describe how to select the right medium for communication Depends on if you need a instant response back , are need to communicate with natural language or if its personal or work related Nonverbal communication - Kinesics The study of body movements, including posture, gestures, and facial expressions, is referred to as kinesics. Nonverbal communication - Haptics Haptics describes the use of touch in communication. Nonverbal communication - Proxemics ways in which humans use and manage the space around them as a way of shaping meaning. This is known as proxemics Nonverbal communication - Chronemics Chronemics refers to the ways in which communicators use time and the messages they communicate as a result of how they manage their time. Nonverbal communication - Artifactual nonverbal behavior of communicators, we can analyze the meaning of the artifacts, or the ornaments and adornments they display on or around their physical person. These include jewelry, hairstyle and hair color, makeup, tattoos and piercings, clothing, cars, glasses, logos, watches, smartphones, and so forth The five characteristics of language Language Is Cultural Language Has Denotative and Connotative Meanings Language Is Abstract Language Is Powerful Johari's Window Hidden , blind , open , unkown Social Penetration Theory Social penetration theory describes how disclosure typically progresses in two ways. (Altman & Taylor, 1973). The first dimension of disclosure is breadth, or the range of topics on which disclosure is happening. With a co-worker, you may start by discussing work-related issues, but as your relationship develops, other topics such as recreational pursuits and family life may be included. The second dimension of disclosure is depth, or the significance of information that is disclosed. Two people who are in the early stages of a friendship may broaden their communication to talk about their romantic partners. Stages of relational development - Initiating Stage We use communication to initiate encounters with people we are interested in dating, befriending, working with, or just becoming closer to. Stages of relational development - Intensification Stage which is a purposive period of communication intended to escalate the relationship into greater intimacy and commitment. Stages of relational development - Maintenance Stage Relationship maintenance refers to the behaviors that partners in interpersonal relationships use to keep their relationships stable, satisfying, and in good repair