M&C colleges

Basic principles motivatie (college 1)

- Richtingen: Approach vs. avoidance
o Active avoidance
o Passive avoidance (inhibitie)
- Onafhankelijke fasen: Wanting vs. liking
o Wanting: ‘’pre-goal’’ anticiperen op belonging
o Liking: ‘’post-goal’’ ontvangen van belonging
- Specialization of motivation + general (brain) mechanisms
o Amygdala: involved in learning which environmental cues predict the occurrence
of a reward or punishment and thereby guiding the organism towards pleasant
or away from noxious outcomes
o Orbitofrontal cortex: evaluates the “goodness” of primary or secondary rewards
based on current needs and learning experiences
o Nucleus Accumbens: part of the striatum. Plays a role in (short-term) pleasure
experience, emotions, addictive behavior
- Dynamic motivation (de mate van motivatie verandert over tijd)
- Need driven (behoefte) vs. incentive driven (stimuli) or both
- Classical conditioning vs. operant conditioning
- Implicit (moeilijk meetbaar) vs. explicit

goals vs. impulses (college 2)

- Priming vs. conditioneren
o Priming: connectie wordt opnieuw geactiveerd bij zien van relevante stimuli
o Conditioneren: connectie wordt opgebouwd (leren)
- Goals: the mental representation of a desired outcome
- Intentions: mental representation of action plan to reach a certain goal
- Habit: mental representation of strong automatically activated links between a goal and
actions that are instrumental in attaining this goal
- Impuls: urgent approach or avoidance tendencies oriented towards short-term
gratification and triggered by incentives
- Two different systems assumed (e.g. impulsive vs. reflective) that together shape
behaviour
o Impulsive system
 Permanent actief
 Cue (prime)  associatie  gedrag
 Habits; result of classical conditioning
 Impulses; (approaching) rewards and (avoiding) punshiments,
result of operant conditioning
 Voordeel: snel en automatisch, vergt weinig energie
 Nadeel: gericht op direct resultaat
o Reflective system
 Activiteit afhankelijk van beschikbare cognitieve capaciteit
 Lange termijn doelen
 Voordeel: flexibel, interacties met alle stadia van het impulsieve systeem
 Nadeel: langzaam, heeft resources nodig, geen mogelijkheden tot multi-
tasking

, - Dual system perspective not universally accepted  There’s no evidence for two
separate brain systems and most if not all features are correlational rather than defining
- Resisting temptations as automatic feature of goal systems
o Temptation: een impuls (of doel) dat is strijd is met een doel doordat ze elkaar
in de weg staan
 Verleidingen kunnen doelen activeren maar doelen kunnen geen
verleidingen activeren.
- Resisting strong temptations requires self-control
o Self-control: de vaardigheid om een sterke maar ongeschikte respons te
overreden
- Is self-control a limited resource?  Ego depletion: verminderde controle over jezelf
(door limited mental resources)
- Behavior outcomes can be influenced by targeting reflective or impulsive precursors or
the boundary conditions
o Self-control


Goal system theory (college 2)

- Goals are mental representations that follow the rules of priming and spreading
activation
- Goals are self-sustaining (Zeigarnik effect) onderbroken taken worden beter onthouden
dan voltooide taken
- Goal shielding: activatie van doelen inhibeert activatie van andere doelen (of middelen
die horizontaal gelinkt zijn)
- Substitutability (vervangbaarheid: wanneer verschillende middelen tot zelfde doel leiden
zijn de middelen vervangbaar)
o hoe groter de equifinality, hoe groter de vervangbaarheid
- Equifinality: meerdere middelen, 1 doel (verschillende middelen kunnen hetzelfde doel
bereiken)
- Multifinality: meerdere doelen, 1 middel
- These processes can run unconsciously (onbewuste processen)

achievement goals (college 3)

- 3 types of competence (vaardigheden)
o Absolute competence; voldoe je aan de taakeisen?
o Intrapersonal competence; heb je je ontwikkeld?
o Interpersonal (normative) competence; heb je je vaardigheden laten zien?
- 2(definition of competence) x 2 (approach vs. avoidance) framework
o Mastery goal: competence is defined in absolute or intrapersonal terms
 Approach: ‘’I want to do better than before’’
 Avoidance: ‘’I want to avoid doing worse than before’’
o Performance goal: competence is defined interpersonally
 Approach: ‘’I want to do better than others’’
 Avoidance: ‘’I want to avoid doing worse than others’’
- Achievement goal ≠ reason for achievement
- Implications:
o Concern with being outperformed by others is bad for intrinsic motivation, but
positive competition is okay