→P4 & P5←
Amylase enzyme
Enzymes are biological catalysts that quicken reactions without becoming used up in the process.
Enzymes can be used again since they aren't damaged in the process. The molecules that enzymes
may work on are referred to as substrates, and these molecules are changed into a range of different
compounds, which are referred to as products. Enzymes are therefore necessary for multiple
functions, including digestion and liver function. Moreover, amylase is an enzyme that can be found
in pancreas and saliva. The enzyme amylase will be used in this assignment to show how starch is
hydrolyzed into glucose. Glucose molecules are linked in a long chain to create the polymer known as
starch. Therefore, the long chain polymer must be broken down into small glucose molecules in
order to use the energy in starch. Amylase converts starch into maltose, which is ultimately
converted into glucose.
Starch molecules, also known as polysaccharides, are broken down by amylase into molecules,
usually known as disaccharides. Amylase must interact with starch molecules to create an
enzyme-substrate complex. As a result, amylase may convert starch into smaller maltose molecules.
Due to the release of the product (maltoses), another substrate may come into contact with the
enzyme. Therefore, I am going to investigate the effect of concentration of starch on amylase
activity. As a result, the major goal of the experiment is to establish the ideal concentration of
amylase, which converts starch. The amylase reaction, which breaks down starch, shows how the
amount of catalyst impacts how quickly an enzyme works.
Experiment → To investigate the effect of concentration of starch on amylase activity. As a result, the
major goal of the experiment is to establish the ideal concentration of amylase, which converts
starch. The amylase reaction, which breaks down starch, shows how the amount of catalyst impacts
how quickly an enzyme works. As a result, I will make sure that I carry out a risk assessment before
the start of the experiment in order to avoid any potential errors and to ensure that the practical is
completed properly and exactly.
,Risk assessment
Hazards Why is it a risk? How to prevent the hazards?
Spillages The amylase experiment carries a When transferring the solution between
significant risk of spillage, which containers, it is crucial to do it accurately and
could substantially impact the with care in order to avoid spills. For instance,
accuracy as well as reliability of using pipettes or syringes allows to transfer
the results. This is so that spills solution precisely without spilling. Additionally,
don't result in people slipping and make sure that there are no chemicals or
falling, hurting themselves, solutions at the edge of the table, wipe up spills
especially using concentrated as soon as they occur, and close all containers
chemicals,. tightly after use. In order to minimise spills,
avoid shaking or making rapid movements when
transferring the solution.
Water The water bath is a risk which is In order to avoid the risk, make sure to keep an
Bath used to maintain constant eye on the water bath's temperature and
temperature of amylase and remove the amylase and starch solution as soon
starch solution as the optimum as it reaches 37 C. As a result, if it's not
temperature for enzyme activity is absolutely required, avoid setting the water
37 C. This implies that when the bath's temperature too high. To prevent
water bath is left on for a long splashing hot water into your eyes, put on
time, it may get quite hot and protective goggles. Additionally, continually
could causes injuries. observe the cable to ensure for signs of damage,
Additionally, the enzyme will such as tangled wires in plugs, along with other
denature, slowing its activity yet signs of broken or cut cables. When utilising the
failing to catalyse the reaction. water bath, be cautious to handle it gently.
Glassware Contamination of the sample and Carefully handle any equipments, keep them
broken glass resulting in harm are away from the edge of the table, and avoid using
two critical errors that could anything that is cracked or chipped. Make sure
occur. This is so that glass objects that you call a technician or teacher to clean up
including beakers and test tubes any shattered glass. Thus, instead of picking up
can break when handled broken glass with the fingers, use a brush and a
carelessly. Therefore, if a piece of dustpan. Also, regardless of how little the
glass-containing equipment is damage, thoroughly check each beaker,
chipped, broken, or cracked, removing those that are broken. Throw away
touching it might result in injuries. any test tubes or beakers that have cracks or
This suggests that the glassware breaks. As a result, individuals shouldn't pick up
should be handled gently and shattered glass with their fingers but rather with
carefully when doing the a dustpan and brush.
experiment, and any sharp edges
should be avoided.
Obstacles Chairs, coats and bags can be Make sure to clear the area of any potential
in the way hazards that lead individuals to objects by removing them off the ground. Don't
trip and fall, especially while sit in a chair throughout the practical. Therefore,
conducting experiments with hang all bags and coats on the hangers.
concentrated chemicals or
glassware.
, Health and safety → The equipment that will be used throughout the experiment has a number of
risks that need to be taken into account. This is due to the fact that glass-made equipment, including
test tubes and beakers, increases the likelihood of accidents. In order to prevent getting burnt, it's
important to utilise boiling water baths carefully. The mixture that will be used, which also contains
high starch and amylase, irritates the skin and eyes. However, in order to reduce risk and assure
safety, it's imperative to follow COSHH guidelines. COSHH stands for Control of Substances Hazardous
to Health.
Hypothesis → The impact of amylase on the rate of enzyme activity increases as amylase
concentration increases. The colour of the starch will appear lighter the higher the amylase
concentration. Therefore, the rate of starch breakdown will be slower the less amylase there is
present. Using additional amylase will speed up the digestion of starch since there are twice as many
active sites.
Independent variable → The percentage amylase concentration.
Dependent variable → how long it takes for starch to break down.
Control variable → PH, equipment temperature, iodine solution.
Equipments used for the experiment:
➔ Spotting tile
➔ Pipette
➔ Iodine solution
➔ Starch solution
➔ Amylase solution
➔ Stopwatch
➔ Test tube
➔ Water bath
Method:
In order to decrease contamination and avoid generating inaccurate results, rinse the equipment
before utilising it during the investigation. Next use a pipette to place one droplet of iodine solution
into each dimple of the spotting tile. Afterwards, label the five test tubes and fill just four of them
with 4mL of 1% starch. Then, added four mL of amylase solution to the fifth test tube. After filling
each test tube with solution, set the stopwatch for five minutes and placed every test tube in a 37 C
water bath. A separate dropper or pipette should be used for each mixture to avoid contamination of
the solution. Since there is no enzyme present in tube 1, it will act as the control variable.
Afterwards, take the tube out of the water bath and add 3 droplets of amylase solution to tube 2,
then add 6 drops to tube 3, and then add 10 drops to tube 4 with a clean pipette. Once amylase
solution is added to each test tube, I'll ensure to carefully shake the tube to mix it, then set it back
into the water bath, where the temperature and pH should be kept constant, Consequently, make
sure to record when adding the amylase (enzyme). Then, keep the test tubes in the water baths to
maintain a consistent temperature by transferring four drops of each reaction mixture from using
only a sterile pipette for each separate well on the spotting tile. Observation should be noted. For
accurate results, conduct the experiment again.
Amylase enzyme
Enzymes are biological catalysts that quicken reactions without becoming used up in the process.
Enzymes can be used again since they aren't damaged in the process. The molecules that enzymes
may work on are referred to as substrates, and these molecules are changed into a range of different
compounds, which are referred to as products. Enzymes are therefore necessary for multiple
functions, including digestion and liver function. Moreover, amylase is an enzyme that can be found
in pancreas and saliva. The enzyme amylase will be used in this assignment to show how starch is
hydrolyzed into glucose. Glucose molecules are linked in a long chain to create the polymer known as
starch. Therefore, the long chain polymer must be broken down into small glucose molecules in
order to use the energy in starch. Amylase converts starch into maltose, which is ultimately
converted into glucose.
Starch molecules, also known as polysaccharides, are broken down by amylase into molecules,
usually known as disaccharides. Amylase must interact with starch molecules to create an
enzyme-substrate complex. As a result, amylase may convert starch into smaller maltose molecules.
Due to the release of the product (maltoses), another substrate may come into contact with the
enzyme. Therefore, I am going to investigate the effect of concentration of starch on amylase
activity. As a result, the major goal of the experiment is to establish the ideal concentration of
amylase, which converts starch. The amylase reaction, which breaks down starch, shows how the
amount of catalyst impacts how quickly an enzyme works.
Experiment → To investigate the effect of concentration of starch on amylase activity. As a result, the
major goal of the experiment is to establish the ideal concentration of amylase, which converts
starch. The amylase reaction, which breaks down starch, shows how the amount of catalyst impacts
how quickly an enzyme works. As a result, I will make sure that I carry out a risk assessment before
the start of the experiment in order to avoid any potential errors and to ensure that the practical is
completed properly and exactly.
,Risk assessment
Hazards Why is it a risk? How to prevent the hazards?
Spillages The amylase experiment carries a When transferring the solution between
significant risk of spillage, which containers, it is crucial to do it accurately and
could substantially impact the with care in order to avoid spills. For instance,
accuracy as well as reliability of using pipettes or syringes allows to transfer
the results. This is so that spills solution precisely without spilling. Additionally,
don't result in people slipping and make sure that there are no chemicals or
falling, hurting themselves, solutions at the edge of the table, wipe up spills
especially using concentrated as soon as they occur, and close all containers
chemicals,. tightly after use. In order to minimise spills,
avoid shaking or making rapid movements when
transferring the solution.
Water The water bath is a risk which is In order to avoid the risk, make sure to keep an
Bath used to maintain constant eye on the water bath's temperature and
temperature of amylase and remove the amylase and starch solution as soon
starch solution as the optimum as it reaches 37 C. As a result, if it's not
temperature for enzyme activity is absolutely required, avoid setting the water
37 C. This implies that when the bath's temperature too high. To prevent
water bath is left on for a long splashing hot water into your eyes, put on
time, it may get quite hot and protective goggles. Additionally, continually
could causes injuries. observe the cable to ensure for signs of damage,
Additionally, the enzyme will such as tangled wires in plugs, along with other
denature, slowing its activity yet signs of broken or cut cables. When utilising the
failing to catalyse the reaction. water bath, be cautious to handle it gently.
Glassware Contamination of the sample and Carefully handle any equipments, keep them
broken glass resulting in harm are away from the edge of the table, and avoid using
two critical errors that could anything that is cracked or chipped. Make sure
occur. This is so that glass objects that you call a technician or teacher to clean up
including beakers and test tubes any shattered glass. Thus, instead of picking up
can break when handled broken glass with the fingers, use a brush and a
carelessly. Therefore, if a piece of dustpan. Also, regardless of how little the
glass-containing equipment is damage, thoroughly check each beaker,
chipped, broken, or cracked, removing those that are broken. Throw away
touching it might result in injuries. any test tubes or beakers that have cracks or
This suggests that the glassware breaks. As a result, individuals shouldn't pick up
should be handled gently and shattered glass with their fingers but rather with
carefully when doing the a dustpan and brush.
experiment, and any sharp edges
should be avoided.
Obstacles Chairs, coats and bags can be Make sure to clear the area of any potential
in the way hazards that lead individuals to objects by removing them off the ground. Don't
trip and fall, especially while sit in a chair throughout the practical. Therefore,
conducting experiments with hang all bags and coats on the hangers.
concentrated chemicals or
glassware.
, Health and safety → The equipment that will be used throughout the experiment has a number of
risks that need to be taken into account. This is due to the fact that glass-made equipment, including
test tubes and beakers, increases the likelihood of accidents. In order to prevent getting burnt, it's
important to utilise boiling water baths carefully. The mixture that will be used, which also contains
high starch and amylase, irritates the skin and eyes. However, in order to reduce risk and assure
safety, it's imperative to follow COSHH guidelines. COSHH stands for Control of Substances Hazardous
to Health.
Hypothesis → The impact of amylase on the rate of enzyme activity increases as amylase
concentration increases. The colour of the starch will appear lighter the higher the amylase
concentration. Therefore, the rate of starch breakdown will be slower the less amylase there is
present. Using additional amylase will speed up the digestion of starch since there are twice as many
active sites.
Independent variable → The percentage amylase concentration.
Dependent variable → how long it takes for starch to break down.
Control variable → PH, equipment temperature, iodine solution.
Equipments used for the experiment:
➔ Spotting tile
➔ Pipette
➔ Iodine solution
➔ Starch solution
➔ Amylase solution
➔ Stopwatch
➔ Test tube
➔ Water bath
Method:
In order to decrease contamination and avoid generating inaccurate results, rinse the equipment
before utilising it during the investigation. Next use a pipette to place one droplet of iodine solution
into each dimple of the spotting tile. Afterwards, label the five test tubes and fill just four of them
with 4mL of 1% starch. Then, added four mL of amylase solution to the fifth test tube. After filling
each test tube with solution, set the stopwatch for five minutes and placed every test tube in a 37 C
water bath. A separate dropper or pipette should be used for each mixture to avoid contamination of
the solution. Since there is no enzyme present in tube 1, it will act as the control variable.
Afterwards, take the tube out of the water bath and add 3 droplets of amylase solution to tube 2,
then add 6 drops to tube 3, and then add 10 drops to tube 4 with a clean pipette. Once amylase
solution is added to each test tube, I'll ensure to carefully shake the tube to mix it, then set it back
into the water bath, where the temperature and pH should be kept constant, Consequently, make
sure to record when adding the amylase (enzyme). Then, keep the test tubes in the water baths to
maintain a consistent temperature by transferring four drops of each reaction mixture from using
only a sterile pipette for each separate well on the spotting tile. Observation should be noted. For
accurate results, conduct the experiment again.
