WGU C175/D426 DATA MANAGEMENT FOUNDATIONS OA EXAM ACTUAL EXAM 2 LATEST VERSIONS 300 QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS WITH RATIONALES (100% CORRECT AND VERIFIED ANSWERS) ALREADY GRADED A+

WGU C175/D426 DATA MANAGEMENT FOUNDATIONS OA EXAM ACTUAL EXAM 2 LATEST VERSIONS 300 QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS WITH RATIONALES (100% CORRECT AND VERIFIED ANSWERS) ALREADY GRADED A+ VERSION A What does modality refer to? How does it appear on ER diagram? - ANSWERRefers to the MINIMUM number of times an instance in one entity can be associated with instance of another entity (minima) Appears as a 0 or 1 on the relationship line, next to cardinality Define: Referential Integrity - ANSWER- Requires that ALL foreign key values must either be fully NULL or match some primary key value 4 Ways Referential Integrity can be violated: - ANSWER- 1. Primary key is updated 2. Foreign key is updated 3. Row containing primary key is DELETED 4. Row containing foreign key is INSERTED 4 Actions to Correct Referential Integrity Violation: - ANSWER- 1. RESTRICT - rejects an insert, update, or delete 2. SET NULL - sets invalid foreign keys to null 3. SET DEFAULT - sets invalid foreign keys to a default primary value 4. CASCADE - propagates primary key changes to foreign keys What is an important aspect to referential integrity? - ANSWER- reference to data in one relation is based on values in another relation S - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study MaterialWhat is a broad definition of data? - ANSWER- Raw facts captured on printed or digital media What are data? - ANSWER- Facts that are collected and stored in a database system What is a determining characteristic of unstructured data? - ANSWER- It does not follow a data model What is true about flat files? - ANSWER- - They contain no internal hierarchical organization How were data retrieved before database management systems? - ANSWERSequentially from simple files What is an attribute or group of attributes that uniquely identify a tuple in a relation? - ANSWER- Primary Key What is necessary for a primary key in one relation of a database to match with its corresponding foreign key in another relation of the same database? - ANSWER- A domain of values What uniquely identifies each entity in a collection of entities but is not the primary key? - ANSWER- Alternate Key What is the term for a set of columns in a table that can uniquely identify any record in that table without referring to other data? - ANSWER- Candidate Key What happens to the original data in database indexing? - ANSWER- It is copied to the index Why are indexes created in a physical database design? - ANSWER- To retrieve data DIRECTLY using a pointer Why is an index created on a database column? - ANSWER- To optimize data retrievals Define: Functional Dependency - ANSWER- Each value of a column relates to at MOST one value of another columnDependence of one column on another- Analytical: Detailed What term is used to describe: a value of one particular attribute associated with a specific single value of another attribute? - ANSWER- Functional Dependency Rules/Appearance of First Normal Form - ANSWER- - All non-key columns depend on primary key - Each table cell contains one value - A table with no duplicate rows Rules/Appearance of Second Normal Form - ANSWER- - When all non-key columns depend on the WHOLE primary key - Must be in 1NF - Non-key column can not depend on just one part of a composite key - a single primary key is automatically in 2NF Rules/Appearance of Third Normal Form - ANSWER- - All non-key columns depend ONLY on the primary key - Tables are totally free of data redundancy What are the 4 ways that operational and analytical databases differ? - ANSWER- - Volat ility - Detail - Scope - History Define: Volatility; How it applies to Operational? Analytical? - ANSWER- - Database updates in real time - Operational Data is Volatile - Analytical Data is NOT Volatile Define: Detail; How it applies to operational and analytical DB? - ANSWER- - A database that keeps record of individual transactions; line items - Operational: Detailed S - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material How far a database can reach Operational: incompatible Define: Scope; How it applies to operational and analytical DB? - ANSWER- -6. Description 5. Affinity Grouping 4. Prediction 3. Estimation Define: History; How it applies to operational and analytical DB? - ANSWER- - Whether DB is current or tracks all data - Operational: Current only - Analytical: Tracks trends Data warehouses are refreshed periodically with a 5-step process: - ANSWER- 1. Extraction 2. Cleanse 3. Integrate 4. Restructure 5. Load What happens during Extraction? (ETL) - ANSWER- Data extracted and put into staging area What happens during Cleanse? (ETL) - ANSWER- Errors are eliminated from data; standard abbreviations applied What happens during Integrate? (ETL) - ANSWER- Data is put into a uniform structure; Data converted to uniform structure What happens during Restructure? (ETL) - ANSWER- Data is structured in a design that is optimal for analysis What happens during Load? (ETL) - ANSWER- Data is loaded to the data warehouse What is an issue that is focused on the 'Load' component of ETL? - ANSWERMonitor refreshing volume and frequency During which step in the ETL Process, is raw data aggregated? - ANSWERTransformation steps What are the 6 different data mining activities? - ANSWER- 1. Clustering & Segmentation 2. ClassificationDelete Define: Clustering & Segmentation - when is it helpful? - ANSWER- - Taking large entity and dividing into smaller groups of entities - Useful when unsure of what looking for Define: Classification (Data Mining) - ANSWER- - Organizing data into predefined classes Define: Estimation (Data Mining) - ANSWER- - Assigning a numeric value to an object Define: Prediction (Data Mining) - ANSWER- - Classifying objects according to an expected future behavior Define: Affinity Grouping - ANSWER- Evaluating relationships between data elements that demonstrate some kind of affinity between objects Where does affinity grouping occur in data mining? - ANSWER- Between objects What is the uniquely identifiable element about which data can be categorized in an entity-relationship diagram? - ANSWER- Entity types Which 3 rules for referential integrity are provided by modern relational database management systems? - ANSWER- Insert Update What does the DISTINCT clause do? - ANSWER- Returns only unique or 'distinct' values; Filters Data Results What does the ORDER BY clause do? - ANSWER- Modifies presentation of data results Which SQL statement alphabetizes customer names within the same satellite-office city? - ANSWER- ORDER BY SATCITY, CUSTNAMEWhat is a heap file? - ANSWER- A file where records can be placed anywhere in the memory What is a hash file? - ANSWER- A file that uses Hash function computation on some fields of the records, and the result of that computation determines where the record is stored What do joins do? - ANSWER- Joins *usually* compare the foreign key of one table to the primary key of another table (but can join any columns) - joining together data from two tables into one table LEFT JOIN - ANSWER- selects all the rows from the left table, and only matching rows from the right table RIGHT JOIN - ANSWER- selects all the rows from the right table, and only matching rows from the left table OUTER JOIN - ANSWER- Any join that selects unmatched rows; LEFT, RIGHT, or FULL JOINS INNER JOIN - ANSWER- Joins together only rows that match from both tables - contains no unmatched rows FULL JOIN - ANSWER- Fully joins two tables together, even unmatched rows - places a NULL in any cell that does not match the other table What is the difference between Signed and Unsigned data? - ANSWER- - SIGNED: a number that may be negative - UNSIGNED: a number that can NOT be negative CHAR vs. VARCHAR - ANSWER- - CHAR: Fixed number of characters - FULL JOIN RIGHT JOIN INNER JOIN What are the different types of major Joins? - ANSWER- - LEFT JOIN- Risk: improved visibility - Trust: greater satisfaction - VARCHAR: Variable length of characters A record consists of a: - ANSWER- set of one or more fields What functions does the DBMS perform to guarantee integrity and consistency of the data in a database? - ANSWER- - Data Integrity Management - Data storage mangagement - Security management In what two ways does a DBMS environment increase effectiveness in working with data? - ANSWER- - Enables Data Sharing - Storage of vast volumes of data A company posts an internet-based newsletter about their products. What advantage will this company gain from the relational database management system that will store customer information? - ANSWER- Improved query response time What is the method of organizing attributes into tables? - ANSWER- Data NORMALIZATION What should a company expect from implementing a business intelligence system? - ANSWER- - Financial: Increased profitability - Productivity: Increased throughput, decreased workloads What is a relational model? - ANSWER- A database model based on mathematical principles What are the 3 mathematical concepts of the relational model? - ANSWER- - Domain - Tuple - Relation Define: Domain - ANSWER- Set of values = 'Data Type'Define: Tuple - ANSWER- Finite sequence of values pulled from a fixed domain = 'Row' Define: Relation - ANSWER- A named set of tuples, all from same domain = 'Table' A tuple position is called a: - ANSWER- Attribute How is cardinality depicted in a diagram for many, one, and zero? - ANSWER- - Many = Crow's Foot - One = a bar across the end of a relationship (--||--) - Zero = Circle Difference between Unary and Binary: - ANSWER- - Unary: One entity involved in relationship (one box, one line) - Binary: Two entities (two boxes combined by one line) If an entity is mandatory, how is it depicted in an ER diagram? - ANSWER- With a single vertical line through the relationship line What does an 'M' mean when shown on an entity in an ER diagram? - ANSWERMandatory What does a 'PI' mean when shown on an entity in an ER diagram? - ANSWERPrimary Identifier - used for attribute(s) that uniquely identify the whole entity How are maxima and minima depicted in an ER diagram? - ANSWER- Maxima is the first letter/number shown (outside of the entity) and Minima is the letter next to it in parentheses Define: Singular Attribute - ANSWER- Each entity instance has at most ONE attribute instance Define: Plural Attribute - ANSWER- Each entity instance can have MANY attribute instancesentities Define: Unique Attribute - ANSWER- Each attribute instance describes only ONE entity instance How do entity and attribute maxima appear in an ER diagram? - ANSWER- As M or 1 following the attribute name What combination of entity and attribute maxima/minima is considered unique? - ANSWER- If the first number is a 1 What combination of entity and attribute maxima/minima is considered singular? - ANSWER- If the second number is 1 What combination of entity and attribute maxima/minima is considered plural? - ANSWER- If the second number is M Define: Select Operation - ANSWER- Selects table rows based in logical expression (σ) Define: Project Operation - ANSWER- Selects Table Columns (II) Define: Join Operation - ANSWER- Joins two tables ( ) Define: Union operation - ANSWER- Combines ALL rows of two compatible tables into a single table (U) Define: Intersect Operation (and how it appears on an ER diagram) - ANSWEROperates on two compatible tables and returns only rows that appear in BOTh tables (∩) Appears as a line and square coming off of a relationship between two other What does cardinality refer to? How does it appear on ER diagram? - ANSWERRefers to the MAXIMUM number of times an instance in one entity can be associated with instance of another entity (Maxima) Appears as a 1 or M on the relationship line, closest to entityA pet owner can have many pets; a specific pet is linked to one pet owner. What is the binary relationship described? - ANSWER- One-To-Many Database models were developed to ? - ANSWER- model real-world events or conditions The entity integrity rule requires: - ANSWER- All primary keys must be unique A table is perceived as a . - ANSWER- Two-dimensional structure A table can be logically connected to another table by defining a . - ANSWER- common attribute We can describe a link by observing that . - ANSWER- A primary key of one table appears again as a foreign key in a related table An attribute (or group of attributes) that uniquely identifies each entity in a table is called: - ANSWER- A superkey A foreign key must: - ANSWER- Match a primary key in a related table The ERD is used to graphically represent the database model. - ANSWERConceptual A derived attribute . - ANSWER- need not be physically stored within the database A attribute is one that cannot be subdivided - ANSWER- Atomic If an entity can exist apart from one or more related entities, it is said to be: - ANSWER- Existence-Independent Dependencies based on only a part of a composite key are called: - ANSWERPartial-DependenciesA special operator used to check for similar character strings is: - ANSWER- LIKE UPDATE tablename ***** WHERE conditionlist What command replaces the *****? - ANSWER- expression = columnname What does a record consist of? - ANSWER- A set of one or more fields What function does A DBMS perform that guarantee the integrity and consistency of the data in the database? - ANSWER- Data integrity, data storage, and security management What is data? - ANSWER- Raw Facts Database models were developed to what? - ANSWER- Model real-world events or conditions The entity integrity rule requires that - ANSWER- all primary key entries are unique What does the 'refer' in referential integrity mean - ANSWER- A foreign key in a table must refer to a valid primary key in another table. A table is perceived as - ANSWER- two-dimensional structure Another term for "relation" - ANSWER- Table What does SQL command ORDER BY do? - ANSWER- modifies the presentation by changing the order of the result set. What does SQL command DISTINT do? - ANSWER- filters the results to remove duplicates This value must be unique in the entire database - ANSWER- Primary KeyA table can be logically connected to another table by defining a - ANSWERcommon attribute A relational operator that allows for the combination of information from two or more tables - ANSWER- JOIN a primary key of one table appears again as a foreign key in a related table - ANSWER- LINK What should you focus on when creating a new database? - ANSWER- minimize data redundancy An attribute (or combination of attributes) that uniquely identifies each entity in a table - ANSWER- superkey This key must match the value of a primary key in a related table - ANSWERForeign key What does the ERD (Entity Relationship Diagram) graphically represent? - ANSWER- Conceptual database model This type of attribute does not need not be physically stored within the database - ANSWER- Derived attribute The association between separate entities - ANSWER- Relationship a key that consists of more than one attribute - ANSWER- composite key an entity that can exist apart from one or more related entities - ANSWERExistent-Independent entity The set of possible values for an attribute - ANSWER- domain Which attribute(s) make up the primary key in the table definition: CLASS (CRS_CODE, CLASS_SECTION, CLASS_TIME, CLASS_ROOM,PROF_NUM) - ANSWER- CRS_CODE and CLASS_SECTION A table that has all key attributes defined, has no repeating groups, and all its attributes are dependent on the primary key - ANSWER- 1NF A table that is in 2NF and contains no transitive dependencies - ANSWER- 3NF What does data redundancy produce? - ANSWER- data integrity problems Normalization works through a series of normal: - ANSWER- forms Dependencies based on only a part of a composite primary key - ANSWER- partial dependencies Describe 1NF relationship - ANSWER- -A table that has all key attributes defined -no repeating groups -all its attributes are dependent on the primary key The SQL command that lets you insert data into a table, one row at a time - ANSWER- INSERT The SQL command that enables you to make changes in the data - ANSWERUPDATE To list all the contents of the PRODUCT table, you would use what SQL command? - ANSWER- SELECT * FROM PRODUCT; Which SQL command would you use when making corrections to the PRODUCT table? - ANSWER- UPDATE Which SQL command would be used to delete the table row - ANSWERDELETE SQL allows the use of special operators in conjunction with the WHERE clause. What is a special operator used to check for similar character strings? - ANSWERLIKEWhat SQL command can delete a table from the database? - ANSWER- DROP UPDATE tablename ***** [WHERE conditionlist]; What command replaces the ***** in the above statement? - ANSWER- SET columnname = expression returns rows with matching values and includes all rows from both tables (T1 and T2) with unmatched values - ANSWER- full outer join What is ETL in database management? - ANSWER- Extract Transform Load During which step in the extract, transform, load (ETL) process are raw data sets aggregated - ANSWER- Transformation Describe data extraction from the ETL process - ANSWER- Extract or copy raw data from multiple sources and store it in a staging area Describe data transformation from the ETL process - ANSWER- Transform and consolidate the raw data in the staging area to prepare it for the target data warehouse Describe data loading from the ETL process - ANSWER- Moves the transformed data from the staging area into the target data storage or warehouse. Focuses on target dependencies such as where and on how many machines the data lives. Also focuses on refresh volume and frequency, whether data is loaded incrementally or is a full load, etc. Describe ETL in a nutshell - ANSWER- ETL stands for Extract, Transform, Load. Extraction - Raw data is extracted from sources and stored in a temporary staging area Transform - The data is then transformed and consolidated in the staging area. Basic transformations improve data quality by removing errors, emptying data fields, or simplifying data. Examples of these transformations follow.Load - move the transformed data from the staging area into the target data warehouse Describe "unnormalized" forms of tables as compared to 1NF, 2NF, or 3NF forms. - ANSWER- -Has repeating groups -Contains multi valued fields or -Fields that contain multiple values Where does affinity grouping occur in data mining? - ANSWER- Between entity group names In data mining, this is the process of evaluating relationships between data elements to demonstrate an affinity or link between objects. - ANSWER- Affinity Grouping In data mining, this classifies objects according to an expected future behavior - ANSWER- Prediction A step of the extract, transform, load (ETL) process in which raw data sets are aggregated - ANSWER- Transform Monitor refreshing volume and frequency is focused on the what component of the extract, transform, load (ETL) process? - ANSWER- Load This serves as the primary source of information that feeds analytical processing for an organization's data analysis. - ANSWER- Data warehouse The set of results a company should expect from implementing a business intelligence system. PowerBI is an example of software that implements business intelligence systems. - ANSWER- Increased profitability and increased throughput Primary source of information that feeds the analytical processing within an organization - ANSWER- Data Warehouse A centralized repository of information - ANSWER- Data Warehouse This is arranged around the relevant subject areas important to the business. It isalso nonvolatile, not used for transactions but for analysis, and integrates data from multiple sources. - ANSWER- Data Warehouse Subject-oriented data repository smaller than a data warehouse and normally for a smaller or specific group within an organization - ANSWER- Data Mart Differences between OLAP and OLTP - ANSWER- OLAP is for analysis, and OLTP is for transaction processing What is ETL? - ANSWER- Extract, Transform, Load The infrastructure where raw data sets are aggregated - ANSWER- Staging Area What two prime questions are essential to understanding extraction? - ANSWERWhat and how should data be extracted? What processes are involved in the Transformation step of the ETL process? - ANSWER- -Data type conversion -Data Cleansing -Integration -Referential integrity checking -Derivations -Denormalization -Renormalization -Aggregation -Audits -Null conversions This step of the ETL is focused on moving transformed data into the data warehouse - ANSWER- Load What processes are involved in the Load step of the ETL process? - ANSWER- - Target Dependencies -Refresh volume and frequency Data mining can be described in this way - ANSWER- The Virtuous Cycle Identifying the business problems, and continual improvement of business-Description -Clustering -Affinity Grouping processes that drive discovery of actionable knowledge and taking action based on that knowledge - ANSWER- The Virtuous cycle Describe the brief steps of the Virtuous Cycle - ANSWER- -Identify the business problem -Mine the data for actionable information -Take the action -Measure results This is the type of knowledge where you already have identified the problem you want to resolve (For example, a business is trying to figure out where they are losing the most money) - ANSWER- Directed Knowledge Discovery This is the type of knowledge where you find patterns within data sets as a way to discover something interesting or an issue (for example, MMO-Champion datamining). - ANSWER- Undirected Knowledge discovery What are the six basic tasks of data mining? - ANSWER- -Classification - Estimation -Prediction Examine the attributes of a particular object and assign it a defined class - ANSWER- Classification The process of assigning continuously valued numeric value to an object, such as a credit risk assessment. - ANSWER- Estimation Classify objects according to some expected future behavior - ANSWERPrediction Process of evaluating relationships or associations between data elements that demonstrate an affinity with one another - ANSWER- Affinity groupingTask of taking large collections of objects and dividing them into smaller groups - ANSWER- Clustering Process of trying to characterize or explain what has been discovered - ANSWERDescription When the primary key is in one column only, non-key columns always depend on the whole primary key. - ANSWER- Second Normal Form Tables with a simple primary key are always in what form? - ANSWER- Second Normal Form When the primary key is a single column and not composite, meaning one or more columns, this is known as what? This will always be at least second normal form - ANSWER- Simple Key When no dependencies exist between non-key columns - ANSWER- Third Normal Form When all non-key columns depend on the key, the whole key, and nothing but the key. - ANSWER- Third Normal Form This form is present when the primary key is the ONLY unique column - ANSWER- Third Normal Form In databases, this is a pair of related values - ANSWER- Fact This is the same as third normal form except it applies to all key columns instead of just non-key columns - ANSWER- Boyce-Codd Form One disadvantage of the DBMS is that it increases the risk of data security breaches. False True - ANSWER- FalseAccurate, relevant, and timely information is the key to . knowledge good decision making data management understanding - ANSWER- good decision making relates to the activities that make the database execute transactions more efficiently in terms of storage and access speed. Database design Query access Database management Performance tuning - ANSWER- Performance tuning The response of the DBMS to a query is the . integrated view of the data query result set ad hoc response ad hoc query - ANSWER- query result set Field refers to a collection of related records. False True - ANSWER- FalseThe DBMS uses the to look up the required data component structures and relationships, thus relieving programmers from having to code such complex relationships in each program. - ANSWER- data dictionary A(n) is a collection of programs that manages the database structure and controls access to the data stored in the database. - ANSWER- database management system A is a character or group of characters that has a specific meaning. file record field database - ANSWER- field Data warehouse contains historical data obtained from the . desktop database enterprise databases workgroup databases operational databases - ANSWER- operational databases The database structure in a DBMS is stored as a . single file collection of files set of key/value pairs collection of queries - ANSWER- collection of filesThe DBMS reveals much of the database's internal complexity to the application programs and users. True False - ANSWER- False exists when different versions of the same data appear in different places. Conceptual dependence Data inconsistency Poor data security Structural dependence - ANSWER- Data inconsistency A contains at least all of the attribute names and characteristics for each table in the system. logical schema relational schema data dictionary database - ANSWER- data dictionary A(n) _ might be written by a programmer or it might be created through a DBMS utility program. application database management systemoperating system query - ANSWER- application is the body of information and facts about a specific subject. Knowledge A database Validation A format - ANSWER- Knowledge An XML database supports the storage and management of _ XML data. semistructured fullystructured multistructured structured - ANSWER- semistructured The only way to access the data in a database is through the DBMS. False True - ANSWER- True Metadata describe the data characteristics and the set of relationships that links the data found within the database. True False - ANSWER- TrueA data warehouse can store data derived from many sources. False True - ANSWER- True A workgroup database is a(n) database. distributed single-user multiuser desktop - ANSWER- multiuser Data is said to be verifiable if: the data always yields consistent results. the data is stored in different places within the database. the data is obtained from trusted sources. the data cannot be changed or manipulated. - ANSWER- the data always yields consistent results. A desktop database is a database. single-user multiuser workgroup distributed - ANSWER- single-useris defined as the condition in which all of the data in the database are consistent with the real-world events and conditions. Data ubiquity Data quality Data integrity Data anomaly - ANSWER- Data integrity Corporations use only structured data. False True - ANSWER- False is a special language used to represent and manipulate data elements in a textual format. - ANSWER- Extensible Markup Language (XML) Data processing can be as simple as organizing data to reveal patterns. True False - ANSWER- True Data is the result of processing raw facts to reveal its meaning. True False - ANSWER- False is data about data through which the end-user data are integrated and managed. - ANSWER- MetadataOne disadvantage of a database system over previous data management approaches is increased costs. False True - ANSWER- True relates to activities that make a database operate more efficiently in terms of storage and access speed. - ANSWER- Performance tuning is the result of processing raw data to reveal its meaning. - ANSWERInformation Structural dependence exists when it is possible to make changes in the file structure without affecting the application program's ability to access the data. False True - ANSWER- False Data constitute the building blocks of information. True False - ANSWER- True An operational database is sometimes referred to as an enterprise database. False True - ANSWER- False exists when the same data are stored unnecessarily at different places. - ANSWER- Data redundancy serve as the intermediary between the user and the database.Programming languages End-user data Metadata DBMSs - ANSWER- DBMSs One advantage of a database system over previous data management approaches is that the database system is considerably less complex. False True - ANSWER- False The organization of data within folders in a manual file system is determined by . its date of creation the data processing specialist the title of the documents in the folder its expected use - ANSWER- its expected use databases focus primarily on storing data used to generate information required to make tactical or strategic decisions. - ANSWER- Analytical Which of the following refers to the situation where the same data is stored unnecessarily at different places? Data query Data integrityData dictionary Data redundancy - ANSWER- Data redundancy Information is produced by processing _ . - ANSWER- data A(n) is a specific request issued to the DBMS for data manipulation. - ANSWER- query An advantage of database systems is that you needn't perform frequent updates and apply latest patches. True False - ANSWER- False Raw data must be properly for storage, processing and presentation. - ANSWER- formatted A is a logically connected set of one or more fields that describes a person, place, or thing. column database file record - ANSWER- record A(n) develops when all required changes in the redundant data are not made successfully. - ANSWER- data anomaly are the result of formatting disorganized data in order to facilitate storage, use and generation of information.Unstructured data Obsolete data Structured data Raw data - ANSWER- Structured dataVERSION B The same data might be simultaneously structured and unstructured depending on the intended processing. False True - ANSWER- True data exist in the format in which they were collected. Historical Structured Semistructured Unstructured - ANSWER- Unstructuredis the result of revealing the meaning of raw facts. Information End-user data An encoded sample An encrypted bit - ANSWER- Information Data and information are essentially the same thing. True False - ANSWER- False To reveal meaning, information requires . - ANSWER- context data exist in a format that does not lend itself to processing that yields information. Historical Unstructured Semistructured Structured - ANSWER- Unstructured End-user data is . information about a specific subject accurate, relevant and timely informationknowledge about the end users raw facts of interest to the end user - ANSWER- raw facts of interest to the end user Data anomaly is defined as the condition in which all of the data in the database are consistent with the real-world events and conditions. True False - ANSWER- False A(n) is a spur-of-the-moment question. - ANSWER- ad hoc query provide a description of the data characteristics and the set of relationships that link the data found within the database. Metadata Schemas Queries End-user data - ANSWER- Metadata A(n) database is used by an organization and supports many users across many departments. desktop workgroup enterprise transactional - ANSWER- enterprise A is a collection of related n field schema file - ANSWER- file Most data that can be encountered are best classified as . semistructured unstructured historical structured - ANSWER- semistructured A(n) _ database supports a relatively small number of users (usually fewer than 50) or a specific department within an organization. workgroup enterprise transactional desktop - ANSWER- workgroup Which of the following is true of spreadsheet applications? They provide enhanced security and robust data sharing features. They do not allow manipulation of data once entered. They are a better alternative to databases.They enhance the user's ability to understand the data. - ANSWER- They enhance the user's ability to understand the data. The term _ refers to an organization of components that define and regulate the collection, storage, management and use of data within a database environment. structured data transaction management system database system - ANSWER- database system The term refers to scattered locations storing the same basic data. - ANSWER- islands of information refer to a type of database that stores most of its data in RAM rather than in hard disks. In-memory databases Desktop databases Cloud databases Integrated databases - ANSWER- In-memory databases Database programming languages receive all application requests and translate them into the complex operations required to fulfill those requests. True False - ANSWER- Falsecharacteristics without affecting an application program's ability to access data. - ANSWER- Data independence exists when different and conflicting versions of the same data appear in different places. - ANSWER- Data inconsistency One of the limitations of the model is that there is a lack of standards. entity relationship relational network hierarchical - ANSWER- hierarchical A(n) represents a particular type of object in the real world. node attribute entity relationship - ANSWER- entity Even when a good database blueprint is available, an applications programmer's view of the data should match that of the manager and the end user. True False - ANSWER- False A data model is usually graphical. False exists when it is possible to make changes in the data storageTrue - ANSWER- True In object oriented terms, a(n) defines an object's behavior. - ANSWERmethod M:N relationships are not appropriate in a relational model. True False - ANSWER- True The model was developed to allow designers to use a graphical tool to examine structures rather than describing them with text. hierarchical network object-oriented entity relationship - ANSWER- entity relationship are normally expressed in the form of rules. Entities Attributes Constraints Relationships - ANSWER- Constraints Which of the following types of HDFS nodes stores all the metadata about a file system?Client node Name node Map node Data node - ANSWER- Name node MySQL is an example of the . XML data model hierarchical model file system data model relational data model - ANSWER- relational data model The data model is said to be a semantic data model. object-oriented entity relationship relational network - ANSWER- object-oriented A(n) is a relatively simple representation of more complex real-world data structures. - ANSWER- data model The model uses the term connectivity to label the relationship types. relational entity relationshipobject-oriented network - ANSWER- entity relationship The hierarchical model is software-independent. True False - ANSWER- False In an SQL-based relational database, each table is dependent on every other table. False True - ANSWER- False VMS/VSAM is an example of the . hierarchical model file system data model relational data model XML data model - ANSWER- file system data model A disadvantage of the relational database management system (RDBMS) is its inability to hide the complexities of the relational model from the user. False True - ANSWER- False You can think of a table as a persistent representation of a logical relation.True False - ANSWER- True Character data can contain any character or symbol intended for mathematical manipulation. True False - ANSWER- False In the model, the user perceives the database as a collection of records in 1:M relationships, where each record can have more than one parent. object-oriented network hierarchical entity relationship - ANSWER- network Within the database environment, a data model represents data structures with the purpose of supporting a specific problem domain. False True - ANSWER- True In an SQL-based relational database, rows in different tables are related based on common values in common attributes. True False - ANSWER- TrueA(n) defines the environment in which data can be managed and is used to work with the data in the database. - ANSWER- data manipulation language (DML) Which of the following is true of NoSQL databases? They do not support distributed database architectures. They are not based on the relational model. They are geared toward transaction consistency rather than performance. They do not support very large amounts of sparse data. - ANSWER- They are not based on the relational model. A(n) is a brief, precise, and unambiguous description of a policy, procedure, or principle within a specific organization. - ANSWER- business rule Each table in a relational database must have a primary key. False True - ANSWER- True An implementation-ready data model needn't necessarily contain enforceable rules to guarantee the integrity of the data. False True - ANSWER- False NoSQL databases: provide fault tolerance. are geared toward transaction consistency; not rt only small amounts of sparse data. are based on the relational model. - ANSWER- provide fault tolerance. A(n) is a restriction placed on the data. relationship constraint attribute entity - ANSWER- constraint Each row in a relation is called a(n) . - ANSWER- tuple From a database point of view, the collection of data becomes meaningful only when it reflects properly defined . business rules business norms business goals business plans - ANSWER- business rules Database designers determine the data and information that yield the required understanding of the entire business. False True - ANSWER- False The relational model is hardware-dependent and software-independent.False True - ANSWER- False The network model has structural level dependence. True False - ANSWER- True The object-oriented data model was developed in the . 1970s 1960s 1990s 1980s - ANSWER- 1980s In the context of data models, an entity is a person, place, thing, or event about which data will be collected and stored. False True - ANSWER- True Which of the following types of HDFS nodes acts as the interface between the user application and the HDFS? Client node Data node Map node Name node - ANSWER- Client nodeOnly a single attribute, not multiple attributes, can define functional dependence. False True - ANSWER- False In , a three pronged symbol represents the "many" side of the relationship. - ANSWER- Crow's Foot notation In Chen notation, entities and relationships have to be oriented horizontally; not vertically. True False - ANSWER- False A(n) is the conceptual organization of an entire database as viewed by a database administrator. - ANSWER- schema A(n) , is a collection of similar objects with a shared structure and behavior. - ANSWER- class The idea of determination is unique to the database environment. True False - ANSWER- False A verb associating two nouns in a business rule translates to a(n) _ in the data model. relationship constraint entityattribute - ANSWER- relationship A(n) is anything about which data are to be collected and stored. attribute entity relationship constraint - ANSWER- entity A(n) is bidirectional. entity relationship constraint attribute - ANSWER- relationship The hierarchical data model was developed in the . 1990s 1960s 1970s 1980s - ANSWER- 1960s Each row in the relational table is known as an entity instance or entity occurrence in the ER model.False True - ANSWER- True Students and classes have a relationship. many-to-one one-to-many one-to-one many-to-many - ANSWER- many-to-many A(n) enables a database administrator to describe schema components. unified modeling language (UML) data definition language (DDL) extensible markup language (XML) query language - ANSWER- data definition language (DDL) A(n) 's main function is to help one understand the complexities of the real world environment. database model entity node - ANSWER- model Business rules apply to businesses and government groups, but not to other typesof organizations such as religious groups or research laboratories. True False - ANSWER- False Today, most relational database products can be classified as object/relational. False True - ANSWER- True Which of the following is true of business rules? They provide a framework for the company's self-actualization. They allow the designer to set company policies with regard to data. They allow the designer to develop business processes. They can serve as a communication tool between the users and designers. - ANSWER- They can serve as a communication tool between the users and designers. Depending on the sophistication of the application development software, nulls can create problems when functions such as COUNT, AVERAGE, and SUM are used. True False - ANSWER- True Business rules must be rendered in writing. False True - ANSWER- TrueA(n) is the equivalent of a field in a file system. constraint relationship entity attribute - ANSWER- attribute A noun in a business rule translates to a(n) in the data model. relationship attribute entity constraint - ANSWER- entity A(n) in a hierarchical model is the equivalent of a record in a file system. - ANSWER- segment The data model uses the concept of inheritance. relational entity relationship object-oriented network - ANSWER- object-oriented Each column in a relation represents a(n) . - ANSWER- attribute The row's range of permissible values is known as its domain.False True - ANSWER- False A null is created when you press the Enter key or the Tab key to move to the next entry without making a prior entry of any kind. True False - ANSWER- True Which of the following is a disadvantage of the hierarchical data model? It does not promote data integrity. It is not efficient with 1:M relationships. It does not promote data sharing. It does not have standards. - ANSWER- It does not have standards. are important because they help to ensure data integrity. Attributes Constraints Relationships Entities - ANSWER- Constraints In the model, the basic logical structure is represented as an upside-down tree. entity relationshiprelational network hierarchical - ANSWER- hierarchical The relational model's foundation is a mathematical concept known as a - ANSWER- relation An implementation-ready data model should contain a description of the data structure that will store the end-user data. False True - ANSWER- True In the model, each parent can have many children, but each child has only one parent. entity relationship hierarchical network relational - ANSWER- hierarchical The order of the rows and columns is important to the DBMS. False True - ANSWER- False Each row in the relational table is known as a(n) _ . - ANSWER- entity instanceIf the attribute (B) is functionally dependent on a composite key (A) but not on any subset of that composite key , the attribute (B) is fully functionally dependent on (A). False True - ANSWER- True The relational data model was developed in the _. 1970s 1980s 1990s 1960s - ANSWER- 1970s Oracle 11g is an example of the . file system data model relational data model XML/Hybrid data model hierarchical model - ANSWER- XML/Hybrid data model The practical significance of taking the logical view of a database is that it serves as a reminder of the simple file concept of data storage. False True - ANSWER- True Each table in a relational database must have a primary key.True False - ANSWER- True A(n) _ is an orderly arrangement used to logically access rows in a table. superkey primary rule index relationship - ANSWER- index logic, used extensively in mathematics, provides a framework in which an assertion (statement of fact) can be verified as either true or false. Relational Index Predicate Database - ANSWER- Predicate A is any key that uniquely identifies each row. candidate key foreign key special key superkey - ANSWER- superkeyIn a relational table, each column has a specific range of values known as the domain. - ANSWER- attribute RDBMSs enforce integrity rules automatically. False True - ANSWER- True The relationship should be rare in any relational database design. M:1 M:N 1:1 1:M - ANSWER- 1:1 The relationship is the "relational model ideal." M:N M:1 1:M 1:1 - ANSWER- 1:M The relationship is the relational database norm. - ANSWER- 1:M A key can be described as a minimal superkey, a superkey without any unnecessary attributes. primaryforeign secondary candidate - ANSWER- candidate One characteristic of generalization hierarchies is that they are implemented as relationships. - ANSWER- 1:1 Each table represents an attribute. column row dimension value - ANSWER- column The row's range of permissible values is known as its domain. True False - ANSWER- False A(n) provides a detailed description of all tables found within the user/designer-created database. - ANSWER- data dictionary Only a single attribute, not multiple attributes, can define functional dependence. True False - ANSWER- False In a relational model, are also used to establish relationships among tables and to ensure the integrity of the data. - ANSWER- keysThe order of the rows and columns is important to the DBMS. True False - ANSWER- False A data dictionary is sometimes described as "the database designer's database" because it records the design decisions about tables and their structures. True False - ANSWER- True The idea of determination is unique to the database environment. True False - ANSWER- False The _ catalog can be described as a detailed system data dictionary that describes all objects within the database, including data about table names, the table's creator and creation date, the number of columns in each table, the data type corresponding to each column, index filenames, index creators, authorized users, and access privileges. - ANSWER- system A is the primary key of one table that has been placed into another table to create a common attribute. composite primary key candidate key foreign key superkey - ANSWER- foreign keyrelationships cannot be implemented as such in the relational model. - ANSWER- M:N A primary key is a(n) key chosen to be the primary means by which rows of a table are uniquely identified. - ANSWER- candidate The proper use of keys is crucial to controlling data redundancy. - ANSWER- foreign In a database context, a(n) indicates the use of different names to describe the same attribute. duplicate entity homonym synonym - ANSWER- synonym Character data can contain any character or symbol intended for mathematical manipulation. False True - ANSWER- False Only a single attribute, not multiple attributes, can define functional dependence. False True - ANSWER- False The constraint can be placed on a column to ensure that every row in the table has a value for that column.VALUE EMPTY UNIQUE NOT NULL - ANSWER- NOT NULL To avoid nulls, some designers use special codes, known as , to indicate the absence of some value. - ANSWER- flags Date attributes contain calendar dates stored in a special format known as the date format. logical Julian calendar Epoch - ANSWER- Julian Referential dictates that the foreign key must contain values that match the primary key in the related table, or must contain null. model uniqueness integrity attribute - ANSWER- integrity A key is defined as a key that is used strictly for data retrieval date foreign lookup secondary - ANSWER- secondary You can think of a table as a persistent representation of a logical relation. False True - ANSWER- True A null is created when you press the Enter key or the Tab key to move to the next entry without making a prior entry of any kind. True False - ANSWER- True As rare as 1:1 relationships should be, certain conditions absolutely require their use. False True - ANSWER- True Depending on the sophistication of the application development software, nulls can create problems when functions such as COUNT, AVERAGE, and SUM are used. False True - ANSWER- True A table is also called a(n) because the relational model's creator, E. F.Codd, used the two terms as synonyms. - ANSWER- relation Proper data design requires carefully defined and controlled data redundancies to function properly. - ANSWER- warehousing An index key can have multiple (a composite index). - ANSWERattributes relationships can be implemented by creating a new entity in 1:M relationships with the original entities. 1:N 1:1 M:N M:1 - ANSWER- M:N The is actually a system-created database whose tables store the user/designer-created database characteristics and contents. unique index system catalog database tuple systematic database - ANSWER- system catalog When you define a table's primary key, the DBMS automatically creates a(n) index on the primary key column(s) you declared. composite keyprimary unique - ANSWER- unique In the relational model, _ are important because they are used to ensure that each row in a table is uniquely identifiable. indexes keys relations logical structures - ANSWER- keys If one department chair "a professor "can chair only one department, and one department can have only one department chair. The entities PROFESSOR and DEPARTMENT exhibit a(n) relationship. - ANSWER- 1:1 A(n) _ join links tables by selecting only the rows with common values in their common attribute(s). unique attribute natural foreign - ANSWER- natural The one to many (1:M) relationship is easily implemented in the relational model by putting the foreign key of the "1" side in the table of the "many" side as a primary key. FalseTrue - ANSWER- False The CUSTOMER table's primary key is CUS_CODE. The CUSTOMER primary key column has no null entries, and all entries are unique. This is an example of integrity. entity referential relational null - ANSWER- entity A(n) index is an index in which the index key can have only one pointer value (row) associated with it. - ANSWER- unique If the attribute (B) is functionally dependent on a composite key (A) but not on any subset of that composite key, the attribute (B) is fully functionally dependent on (A). True False - ANSWER- True Another name for a composite entity is a(n) entity. directive logical bridge linked - ANSWER- bridgeThe first step in building an entity-relationship diagram (ERD) is . creating a detailed narrative of the organization's description of operations developing the initial ERD identifying the business rules based on the description of operations identifying the attributes and primary keys that adequately describe the entities - ANSWER- creating a detailed narrative of the organization's description of operations In the entity relationship model, a table row corresponds to an entity instance. True False - ANSWER- True When using the Crow's Foot notation, the associative entity is indicated by _ relationship lines between the parents and the associative entity. solid triple double dotted - ANSWER- solid The notation of entity-relationship modelling can be used for both conceptual and implementation modelling. UML ChenCrow's Foot Bachman - ANSWER- UML A attribute is one that cannot be subdivided. composite simple single-valued multivalued - ANSWER- simple A(n) relationship is also known as an identifying relationship. - ANSWER- strong A relationship is an association between . objects entities databases fields - ANSWER- entities A(n) process is based on repetition of processes and procedures. - ANSWER- iterative A composite identifier is a primary key composed of more than one attribute. True False - ANSWER- TrueTo implement a small database, a database designer must know the "1" and the "M" sides of each relationship and whether the relationships are mandatory or optional. True False - ANSWER- True Complex requirements may dictate data transformations, and they may expand the number of entities and attributes within the design. processing design entity information - ANSWER- information Ideally, an entity identifier is composed of attribute(s). six two one three - ANSWER- one The Crow's foot symbol with two vertical parallel lines indicates cardinality. (0,N) (0,1) (1,1)(1,N) - ANSWER- (1,1) In the original Chen notation, each attribute is represented by an oval with the attribute name connected to an entity rectangle with a line. True False - ANSWER- True Connectivities and cardinalities are established by concise statements known as business rules. True False - ANSWER- True To simplify the conceptual design, most higher-order relationships are decomposed into appropriate equivalent relationships whenever possible. strong binary unary weak - ANSWER- binary If an entity can exist apart from all of its related entities, then it is existenceindependent, and it is referred to as a(n) entity. weak strong unaryalone - ANSWER- strong The Crow's Foot notation easily identifies multivalued attributes. False True - ANSWER- False The Crow's Foot notation is less implementation oriented than the Chen notation. True False - ANSWER- False Unary relationships are common in manufacturing industries. False True - ANSWER- True When the specific cardinalities are not included on the diagram in Crow's Foot notation, cardinality is implied by the use of . tables images attributes symbols - ANSWER- symbols The entity relationship diagram (ERD) represents the database as viewed by the end user. conceptual condensedphysical logical - ANSWER- conceptual The existence of a(n) entity indicates that its minimum cardinality is zero. optional strong weak ternary - ANSWER- optional An entity is said to be -dependent if it can exist in the database only when it is associated with another related entity occurrence. data existence relationship business - ANSWER- existence If Tiny College has some departments that are classified as "research only" and do not offer courses, the COURSE entity of the college database would be the DEPARTMENT entity. existence-dependent on independent of mandatory for optional to - ANSWER- optional toIn Crow's Foot notation, an optional relationship between entities is shown by drawing a(n) on the side of the optional entity. - ANSWER- small circle (O) small circle (O) - ANSWER- Identifiers A weak relationship exists if the primary key of the related entity contains at least one primary key component of the parent entity. True False - ANSWER- False A relationship indicates the number of entities or participants associated with a relationship. - ANSWER- degree The entity relationship model uses the associative entity to represent a(n) relationship between two or more entities. N:1 1:M M:N M:1 - ANSWER- M:N In organizations that generate large number of transactions, are often a top priority in database design. logical design standards relationships among entities high processing speedsnaming conventions - ANSWER- high processing speeds A(n) _ is the set of possible values for a given attribute. key identifier range domain - ANSWER- domain The existence of a mandatory relationship indicates that the minimum cardinality is 0 or 1 for the mandatory entity. False True - ANSWER- False Knowing the minimum and maximum number of occurrences is very helpful at the application software level. data entity object attribute - ANSWER- entity The Crow's Foot notation depicts the strong relationship with a(n) _ line between the entities. - ANSWER- solid The decision to store attributes in database tables depends on the processing requirements and the constraints placed on a particular application. derivedsingle-valued composite multivalued - ANSWER- derived expresses the minimum and maximum number of entity occurrences associated with one occurrence of the related entity. Dependence Cardinality Connectivity Relationship - ANSWER- Cardinality The entity relationship model (ERM) is dependent on the database type. True False - ANSWER- False Referential integrity and participation are both bidirectional, meaning that they must be addressed in both directions along a relationship. False True - ANSWER- False In the Chen and Crow's Foot notations, an entity is represented with a rectangle containing the entity's name. False True - ANSWER- TrueA relationship exists when an association is maintained within a single entity. ternary unary weak strong - ANSWER- unary A entity has a primary key that is partially or totally derived from the parent entity in the relationship. business child strong weak - ANSWER- weak A relationship is difficult to establish if only one side of the relationship is known. - ANSWER- classification are characteristics of entities. - ANSWER- Attributes The process of database design is a sequential process. False True - ANSWER- False In implementation terms, an entity is existence-dependent if it has a mandatory primary key.False True - ANSWER- False Relationships between entities always operate in one direction. True False - ANSWER- False A(n) attribute is an attribute that must have a value. - ANSWERrequired Identifying the attributes of entities helps in the better understanding of among entities. - ANSWER- relationships not only helps database designers to stay on track during the design process, it also enables them to pick up the design thread when the time comes to modify the design. - ANSWER- Documentation Failure to understand the distinction between mandatory and optional _ _ in relationships might yield designs in which awkward (and unnecessary) temporary rows (entity instances) must be created just to accommodate the creation of required entities. - ANSWER- participation In Chen notation, there is no way to represent cardinality. False True - ANSWER- False The Chen notation identifies a weak entity by using a double-walled entity . - ANSWER- rectangle Software vendors have adopted the Chen representation because of its compact representation.False True - ANSWER- False In a 1:M relationship, to avoid the possibility of referential integrity errors, the data of the "1" side must be loaded first. True False - ANSWER- True Participation is if one entity occurrence does not require a corresponding entity occurrence in a particular relationship. - ANSWER- optional The conceptual model can handle relationships and multivalued attributes. 1:M 1:N 1:1 M:N - ANSWER- M:N A weak entity must be dependent. - ANSWER- existence If an employee within an EMPLOYEE entity has a relationship with itself, that relationship is known as a relationship. self-referring self recursivelooping - ANSWER- recursive A relationship exists when three entities are associated. unary strong ternary weak - ANSWER- ternary When indicating cardinality, the first value represents the number of associated entities. - ANSWER- minimum The concept of relationship strength is based on how the of a related entity is defined. - ANSWER- primary key A weak entity has a primary key that is partially or totally derived from the parent entity in the relationship. False True - ANSWER- True A person's Social Security number would be an example of a(n) attribute. - ANSWER- single-valued Composite attributes make it easier to facilitate detailed queries. False True - ANSWER- False A derived attribute is indicated in the Chen notation by a that connects the attribute and an e dashed line double line single line dashed line - ANSWER- dashed line A attribute can be further subdivided to yield additional attributes. multivalued single-valued simple composite - ANSWER- composite A(n) attribute need not be physically stored within the database. - ANSWER- derived An entity in the entity relationship model corresponds to a table in the relational environment. True False - ANSWER- True Data redundancy produces . efficient storage use robust design slower lookupsdata integrity problems - ANSWER- data integrity problems A table that displays data redundancies yields . anomalies consistencies more entities fewer attributes - ANSWER- anomalies Normalization is a process that is used for changing attributes to entities. False True - ANSWER- False In the , no row may contain two or more multivalued facts about an entity. - ANSWER- 4NF (fourth normal form) Relational models view data as part of a table or collection of tables in which all key values must be identified. False True - ANSWER- True Dependencies can be identified with the help of a dependency . - ANSWER- diagram Of the following normal forms, is mostly of theoretical interest. BCNF3NF 1NF DKNF - ANSWER- DKNF The objective of normalization is to ensure that each table conforms to the concept of well-formed relations. True False - ANSWER- True The problem with transitive dependencies is that they still yield data _ . - ANSWER- anomalies A relational table must not contain a(n) _ . entity repeating group relationship attribute - ANSWER- repeating group Attribute A attribute B if all of the rows in the table that agree in value for attribute A also agree in value for attribute B. determines owns Because a partial dependency can exist only when a table's primary key is composed of several attributes, a table whose key consists of only a single attribute is automatically in 2NF once it is in 1NF. - ANSWER- primarycontrols derives from - ANSWER- determines In a(n) diagram, the arrows above the attributes indicate all desirable dependencies. ER functionality dependency Chen - ANSWER- dependency A determinant is any attribute whose value determines other values within a column. True False - ANSWER- False If a table has multiple candidate keys and one of those candidate keys is a composite key, the table can have based on this composite candidate key even when the primary key chosen is a single attribute. time-variances partial dependencies Boyce-Codd normal forms redundancies - ANSWER- partial dependencies Dependencies that are based on only a part of a composite primary key are calledtransitive dependencies. True False - ANSWER- False Dependency diagrams are very helpful in getting a bird's eye view of all the relationships among a table's attributes. False True - ANSWER- True Improving _ leads to more flexible queries. normalization atomicity derived attribute denormalization - ANSWER- atomicity It is possible for a table in 2NF to exhibit transitive dependency, where the primary key may rely on one or more nonprime attributes to functionally determine other nonprime attributes. False True - ANSWER- True BCNF can be violated only if the table contains more than one _ key. foreign secondaryprimary candidate - ANSWER- candidate All relational tables satisfy the _ requirements. - ANSWER- 1NF (first normal form) In a real-world environment, changing granularity requirements might dictate changes in primary key selection, and those changes might ultimately require the use of keys. - ANSWER- surrogate Normalization is a very important database design ingredient, and the highest level is always the most desirable. True False - ANSWER- False Most designers consider the BCNF as a special case of the _. 4NF 3NF 2NF 1NF - ANSWER- 3NF Reporting anomalies in a table can cause a multitude of problems for managers and can be fixed through application programming. False True - ANSWER- FalseWhen designing a new database structure based on the business requirements of the end users, the database designer will construct a data model using a technique such as . - ANSWER- Crow's Foot notation ERDs A dependency of one nonprime attribute on another nonprime attribute is a partial dependency. True False - ANSWER- False An atomic attribute . cannot be further subdivided displays multiplicity is always chosen to be a foreign key cannot exist in a relational table - ANSWER- cannot be further subdivided Any attribute whose value determines other values within a row is known as a . - ANSWER- determinant From a system functionality point of view, attribute values can be calculated when they are needed to write reports or invoices. derived historical granular atomic - ANSWER- derivedfunctionally dependent on X, Z is functionally dependent on Y, and X is the primary key. transitive dependency atomic attribute repeating group partial depe