CONTENTS PAGE NUMBER
Biology
B1. Characteristics of living organisms 01
B2. Cells 01
B3. Biological molecules 05
B4. Enzymes 07
B5. Plant nutrition 09
B6. Animal nutrition 11
B7. Transport 16
B8. Gas exchange and respiration 21
B9. Coordination and response 25
B10. Reproduction 27
B11. Organisms and their environment 34
B12. Human influences on ecosystems 36
Chemistry
C1. The particulate nature of matter 38
C2. Experimental techniques 40
C3. Atoms, elements and compounds 44
C4. Stoichiometry 51
C5. Electricity and chemistry 53
C6. Energy changes in chemical reactions 55
C7. Chemical reactions 56
C8. Acids, bases and salts 60
C9. The Periodic Table 67
C10. Metals 71
C11. Air and water 75
C12. Organic chemistry 77
Physics
P1. Motion 82
P2. Work, energy and power 94
P3. Thermal Physics 102
P4. Properties of waves, including light and sound 110
P5. Electrical quantities 120
P6. Electric circuits 124
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, Biology section
Characteristics of living organisms
Describing the characteristics of living organisms by defining the following terms
Movement: movement refers to an action by an organism causing a change of position or
place.
Reproduction: reproduction refers to processes that make more of the same kind of organism.
Sensitivity: sensitivity refers to the ability to detect and respond to changes in the
environment.
Growth: growth refers to the permanent increase in size and dry mass by an increase in the
number of cells, cell size, or both.
Respiration: respiration refers to the chemical reactions in cells that break down nutrient
molecules and release energy.
Excretion: excretion refers to removal, from organisms, of toxic materials and substances in
excess of requirements. These toxic materials are waste products of metabolism and
substances taken in excess.
Nutrition: nutrition refers to taking in of materials for energy, growth and development.
The seven characteristics could be memorized by the term “MRS. GREN” using the first
letters of each characteristic mentioned above.
Cells
Cell structure
Stating that living things are made of cells
Living organisms are made of cells. Cells are very small; hence, they can only be seen under
a microscope. We have two types of cells namely plant and animal cells.
Describing and comparing the structure of a plant and animal cell.
Note similarities: both contain a cell membrane, cytoplasm and nucleus
Note differences: in addition, a plant cell contains a cell wall, chloroplasts, and a sap vacuole
Page 1 of 128
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, Biology section
Stating the functions of the structures found in cells
1. Cell wall: This is a non-living thick rigid layer surrounding the cell. It is made of
cellulose, and it gives the cell its shape (angular, rectangular or rounded) and prevents
it from bursting. It also allows the plant to support itself. The cell wall is permeable
i.e. it allows all substances to move into or out of the cell. Only the semi-permeable
membrane will allow or dis-allow entry or exit of some substances into the cell.
2. Cell membrane: This is a partially permeable membrane. It controls the movement of
substances into and out of the cell.
3. Cytoplasm: This is a jelly like substance made up of mostly water and structures.
Metabolic reactions occur in the cytoplasm.
4. Chloroplasts: These are green discs which contain chlorophyll (which is a green
pigment that traps sunlight for photosynthesis).
5. Nucleus: Controls all activities of the cell.
6. Sap vacuole: A vacuole is a large room in the center of the cell. It contains cell sap.
The cell sap stores dissolved sugars, mineral salts and amino acids. It also controls the
movement of water in and out of the cell.
Page 2 of 128
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, Biology section
Relating the structure of certain cells to their functions:
Type of cell Where it is found Function
Ciliated cells Lining the trachea and bronchi Move mucus upwards to the back
of the throat
Root hair cells Near the ends of plant roots Absorb water and mineral salts
Xylem vessels In stems, roots and leaves of plants Transport water and mineral salts;
help in support
Palisade mesophyll Beneath the epidermis of a leaf Photosynthesis
cells
Nerve cells Throughout the bodies of animals Transmit information in the form of
electrical impulses
Red blood cells In the blood of mammals Transport oxygen
Sperm and egg cells Sperm in testes and egg cells in ovaries Fuse together to produce a zygote
Ciliated Cells:
Ciliated cells have cilia whose function is to move the mucus up the trachea and bronchi to
the throat. The mucus traps bacteria and dust particles. When it reaches the throat, mucus is
swallowed to the stomach where the acid kills the bacteria.
Root Hair Cells:
Their function is to absorb water and minerals from the soil. They are adapted by 3 ways.
One, they have a large surface area for more water intake. Two, they have a large number of
mitochondria for respiration to become more active. Three, they have a concentrated vacuole
to support the absorption of water by osmosis.
Palisade mesophyll cells:
Consist of one or two layers of closely-packed, long and cylindrical cells containing
chloroplasts. Their function is to facilitate photosynthesis. They contain numerous
chloroplasts to allow maximum absorption of light.
Leaf structure
showing one layer of
palisade mesophyll
cells
Page 3 of 128
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Biology
B1. Characteristics of living organisms 01
B2. Cells 01
B3. Biological molecules 05
B4. Enzymes 07
B5. Plant nutrition 09
B6. Animal nutrition 11
B7. Transport 16
B8. Gas exchange and respiration 21
B9. Coordination and response 25
B10. Reproduction 27
B11. Organisms and their environment 34
B12. Human influences on ecosystems 36
Chemistry
C1. The particulate nature of matter 38
C2. Experimental techniques 40
C3. Atoms, elements and compounds 44
C4. Stoichiometry 51
C5. Electricity and chemistry 53
C6. Energy changes in chemical reactions 55
C7. Chemical reactions 56
C8. Acids, bases and salts 60
C9. The Periodic Table 67
C10. Metals 71
C11. Air and water 75
C12. Organic chemistry 77
Physics
P1. Motion 82
P2. Work, energy and power 94
P3. Thermal Physics 102
P4. Properties of waves, including light and sound 110
P5. Electrical quantities 120
P6. Electric circuits 124
This file was downloaded from StudyLast.com. It is not allowed to publish it elsewhere. Only the buyer can use this file.
, Biology section
Characteristics of living organisms
Describing the characteristics of living organisms by defining the following terms
Movement: movement refers to an action by an organism causing a change of position or
place.
Reproduction: reproduction refers to processes that make more of the same kind of organism.
Sensitivity: sensitivity refers to the ability to detect and respond to changes in the
environment.
Growth: growth refers to the permanent increase in size and dry mass by an increase in the
number of cells, cell size, or both.
Respiration: respiration refers to the chemical reactions in cells that break down nutrient
molecules and release energy.
Excretion: excretion refers to removal, from organisms, of toxic materials and substances in
excess of requirements. These toxic materials are waste products of metabolism and
substances taken in excess.
Nutrition: nutrition refers to taking in of materials for energy, growth and development.
The seven characteristics could be memorized by the term “MRS. GREN” using the first
letters of each characteristic mentioned above.
Cells
Cell structure
Stating that living things are made of cells
Living organisms are made of cells. Cells are very small; hence, they can only be seen under
a microscope. We have two types of cells namely plant and animal cells.
Describing and comparing the structure of a plant and animal cell.
Note similarities: both contain a cell membrane, cytoplasm and nucleus
Note differences: in addition, a plant cell contains a cell wall, chloroplasts, and a sap vacuole
Page 1 of 128
This file was downloaded from StudyLast.com. It is not allowed to publish it elsewhere. Only the buyer can use this file.
, Biology section
Stating the functions of the structures found in cells
1. Cell wall: This is a non-living thick rigid layer surrounding the cell. It is made of
cellulose, and it gives the cell its shape (angular, rectangular or rounded) and prevents
it from bursting. It also allows the plant to support itself. The cell wall is permeable
i.e. it allows all substances to move into or out of the cell. Only the semi-permeable
membrane will allow or dis-allow entry or exit of some substances into the cell.
2. Cell membrane: This is a partially permeable membrane. It controls the movement of
substances into and out of the cell.
3. Cytoplasm: This is a jelly like substance made up of mostly water and structures.
Metabolic reactions occur in the cytoplasm.
4. Chloroplasts: These are green discs which contain chlorophyll (which is a green
pigment that traps sunlight for photosynthesis).
5. Nucleus: Controls all activities of the cell.
6. Sap vacuole: A vacuole is a large room in the center of the cell. It contains cell sap.
The cell sap stores dissolved sugars, mineral salts and amino acids. It also controls the
movement of water in and out of the cell.
Page 2 of 128
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, Biology section
Relating the structure of certain cells to their functions:
Type of cell Where it is found Function
Ciliated cells Lining the trachea and bronchi Move mucus upwards to the back
of the throat
Root hair cells Near the ends of plant roots Absorb water and mineral salts
Xylem vessels In stems, roots and leaves of plants Transport water and mineral salts;
help in support
Palisade mesophyll Beneath the epidermis of a leaf Photosynthesis
cells
Nerve cells Throughout the bodies of animals Transmit information in the form of
electrical impulses
Red blood cells In the blood of mammals Transport oxygen
Sperm and egg cells Sperm in testes and egg cells in ovaries Fuse together to produce a zygote
Ciliated Cells:
Ciliated cells have cilia whose function is to move the mucus up the trachea and bronchi to
the throat. The mucus traps bacteria and dust particles. When it reaches the throat, mucus is
swallowed to the stomach where the acid kills the bacteria.
Root Hair Cells:
Their function is to absorb water and minerals from the soil. They are adapted by 3 ways.
One, they have a large surface area for more water intake. Two, they have a large number of
mitochondria for respiration to become more active. Three, they have a concentrated vacuole
to support the absorption of water by osmosis.
Palisade mesophyll cells:
Consist of one or two layers of closely-packed, long and cylindrical cells containing
chloroplasts. Their function is to facilitate photosynthesis. They contain numerous
chloroplasts to allow maximum absorption of light.
Leaf structure
showing one layer of
palisade mesophyll
cells
Page 3 of 128
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