SCRN EXAM REVIEW EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 100% VERIFIED

SCRN EXAM REVIEW EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 100% VERIFIED Posterior Cerebral Artery (PCA) - answerArises from basilar. Supplies Occipital Lobe , Midbrain, Thalamus, Pineal Gland, Choroid Plexus, and Corpus Callosum Symptoms of PCA Stroke - answer-Contralateral Visual Field Homonymous hemianopia -Visual Agnosia (unable to interpret/recognize visual information) - Weber's Syndrome (3rd nerve palsy + contralateral hemiplegia) -Parinaud's Syndrome (Impaired upwards gaze, convergence-retraction nystagmus, primary conjugate downward gaze) Anterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery (AICA) - answerFeeds anterior inferior parts of the cerebellum Symptoms of AICA Stroke - answerLateral Pontine Syndrome: vertigo, vomiting, nystagmus, falling towards the side of the lesion, ipsilateral loss of sensation to the face, ipsilateral facial paralysis, ipsilateral hearing loss Posterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery (PICA) - answerFeeds cerebellum, superior section of the medulla,. Choroid plexus and fourth ventricle Symptoms of PICA Stroke - answerWallenburg Syndrome (lateral Medullary Syndrome): Loss of pain and temperature sensation in the contralateral trunk and ipsilateral face Basilar Artery - answerAn artery, formed by the fusion of the vertebral arteries, that supplies blood to the brainstem (medulla and pons) and to the posterior cerebral arteries. Symptoms of Basilar Artery Stoke - answerComa, quadriparesis, ataxia, dysarthria, CN dysfunction and visual deficits, Locked in Syndrome, Intranuclear Opthalmoplegia, gaze paresis, Millard Gulber Syndrome CN VI VII damage (diplopia facial weakness, loss of corneal reflex), Nausea, vomiting, diplopia, gaze palsy, dysarthria,. vertigo, tinnitus, hemiparesis, and quadriplegia. Anterior Cerebral Artery (ACA) - answerFeeds the media portion of the frontal and parietal lobes as well as the corpus callosum Symptoms of ACA Stroke - answerContralateral motor/sensory deficits impacting legs > arms Middle Cerebral Artery (MCA) - answerFeeds majority of the frontal, parietal, and temporal lobes, basal ganglia, internal capsule. It is divided M1 - M4 Symptoms of MCA Stroke - answer-Aphasia if dominant hemisphere -Neglect if non-dominant hemisphere -Contralateral motor/sensory loss of face/arm/leg with Arms > Legs -Anosognosia: neglect or lack of self awareness Venous Vascular Anatomy - answerVenous channels enter into venous sinuses located in the Dura matter. Superior Sagittal Sinus - answerTravels posteriorly between the cerebral hemispheres towards the occiput Straight Sinus - answerTravels along the tentorium, draining blood from the superior cerebellar veins. Transverse Sinus - answerTravels along the base of the occiput laterally and forwardly Sigmoid Sinus - answerBegins beneath the temporal bone and travels to the jugular foramen where it becomes the internal jugular veins Stroke Pathophysiology - answerArterial blood flow to the brain tissue fails to meet metabolic demands resulting in cell damage or death. ISCHEMIA FIRST THEN INFARCT. Penumbra - answerZone surrounding the core infarct, damaged by ischemia but not yet infarcted ---- functionally silent yet metabolically active Hypoxia leading to Necrotic Pathway - answerCell energy failure Hypoxia leading to Apoptotic Pathway - answerProgrammed cell death in the penumbral zone ICH Stroke Pathophysiology - answerOccurs when a cerebral blood vessel opens abnormally and spills blood into brain tissue. Classification of ICH Brain Injury - answerPrimary Brain Injury: Direct result of the hematoma Secondary Brain Injury: Hours or days after ICH, mass effect causes mechanical disruption and damage to cell membranes SAH Stroke Pathophysiology - answerAneurysm from s in the cerebral vasculature and ruptures, resulting in blood spilling in the subarachnoid space Saccular Aneurysm - answernarrow neck, widened dome -- Most Common Fusiform Aneurysm - answerOutpouching of the vessel without a distinct neck --- Less common Early Brain Injury - answerHours and first several days after aneurysm rupture cerebral edema forms, injury results from decreased cerebral blood flow Cerebral Vasospasm (Delayed Cerebral Injury) - answerLarge Vessel Spasm generally begins on day 4 continues up to 21 days Brain Requirements - answer20% of the body's Oxygen 15% of the body's Cardiac Output Cerebral Blood Flow - answerNormal: 50 - 55 mL/100g/min Oligemia: 30 - 40 mL/100g/min Moderate Ischemia (the penumbra): 20 - 30 mL/100 g/min Severe ischemia and Cell Death: 0 - 10 mL/100 g/min Large Vessel occlusion - answerEmbolic: develop elsewhere and travel to blood vessel in the brain Small Vessel Occlusion - answerThrombotic: caused by a clot that develops in the vessel of the brain Cerebral Cortex - answerGrey matter on the outermost section of the cerebrum and cerebellum Divided into four lobes - Frontal - Parietal - Occipital - Temporal Frontal Lobe - answermotor, behavioral expression. Motor/sensory maps Parietal Lobe - answerSensation, optic radiations carrying sensory input from the eyes, language centers *typically left side of brain* Language Centers - answerBroca's: Production/Expressive Wernicke's: Comprehension/Receptive Occipital Lobe - answerVision and interpretation of visual sensory signals Dysarthria - answerSlurred speech, reflecting poor motor control of the muscles associated with speech and language Temporal Lobe - answerCoding visual memory and processing auditory and visual sensory input and language comprehension Basal Ganglia - answera group of nuclei serving as the coordinating center for several nerve tract including coordinating muscle movement Globus Pallidus - answerA key component of the basal ganglia instrumental in control of voluntary muscle movement Limbic System - answera group of nuclei and cortical structures that encode memory and regulate autonomic nervous system and endocrine function in response to emotional situations Hypothalamus - answerCoordinates autonomic nervous system with endocrine function, control of body temperature, circadian rhythm, and body water/osmolality Amygdala - answerPlays a crucial role in the management of stress, rage, and anxiety. Center for memory and emotions. Cingulate Gyrus - answerdevelop emotions and encode memory Hippocampus - answerContains centers for memory and learning, regulation of corticosteroid production, and spatial relations Diencephalon - answerBetween the brain stem and cerebellum Thalamus - answerThe brain's sensory switchboard, located on top of the brainstem; it directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla Pineal Gland - answerproduces serotonin and melatonin - contributes to circadian rhythms Pituitary Gland - answerTwo Lobes Anterior: produces hormones Posterior: releases hormones Cerebellum - answerMovement coordination and maintaining balance and position sense. *Cannot initiate movement however is responsible for the unconscious coordination of movement. Brainstem - answerMost basic neurologic functions and reflexes Midbrain - answerCoordinates eye movement and reflexes associated with hearing and vision CNI: Olfactory: above the midbrain CNII: (s) Optic: Transmits visual cues (visual field deficits) CNIII: (M) Oculomotor: innervates 4 of the 6 muscles that move the eye, medially, upwards, outwards, downwards, pupillary constriction dilation and accommodation CNIV: (M) Trochlear: moves the eye downward and inward Pons - answerActs as a message center between cerebellum and cerebrum CNV: (M/S) Trigeminal: pain temp a