Saylor Final Exam Study Guide Questions and Answers Latest Updated

Saylor Final Exam Study Guide Questions and Answers Latest Updated The social classes in France. The first was the clergy, or people who had been ordained as priests. The second was nobles and the third was townspeople or peasants. 3 Estates A pledge made by the members of France's National Assembly in 1789, in which they vowed to continue meeting until they had drawn up a new constitution. Tennis Court Oath French Revolution document that outlined what the National Assembly considered to be the natural rights of all people and the rights that they possessed as citizens. Declaration of the Rights of Man A person or state of mind that is disposed to favor gradual rather than a sudden change, that wishes to preserve existing conditions and institutions, that is, at most, "cautiously" moderate. Conservatives Being within reasonable limits; not excessive or extreme. Not violent or subject to extremes; mild or calm; temperate. Moderates A person or state of mind that favored the sudden change, that wished to completely change existing conditions and institutions through any means necessary. Radicals A model of government that is often characterized as being a local and transparent organization composed of delegates bound by mandates. Commune A moderate group that fought for control of the French National Convention in 1793. Girondist The most radical political faction of the French Revolution who ruled France during the Reign of Terror led by Maximilien Robespierre. Jacobins Young provincial lawyer who led the most radical phases of the French Revolution; his execution ended the Reign of Terror. He believed in abolishing the old monarchy. Maximilien Robespierre (1793-94) During the French Revolution when thousands were executed for "disloyalty". This was the period in France where Robespierre ruled and used revolutionary terror to solidify the home front. He tried rebels and they were all judged severely and most were executed. Reign of Terror French general who became emperor of the French (). Napoleon ( CE) Meeting of representatives of European monarchs called to reestablish the old order after the defeat of Napoleon. Congress of Vienna Austrian foreign minister who basically controlled the Congress of Vienna. Wanted to promote peace, conservatism, and the repression of liberal nationalism throughout Europe. Metternich A movement for the unification and independence of Italy. Risorgimento Italian nationalist whose writings spurred the movement for a unified and independent Italy (). Mazzini A kingdom that was created in 1815 in recognition of Austria's rights to Lombardy and the former Republic of Venice after the collapse of the Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy. Lombardy & Venetia Italian statesman: leader in the unification of Italy. Cavour Contributed to the Italian unification and the creation of the Kingdom of Italy. Garibaldi The name of the free trade zone that German states created in the early 19th century, decades prior to their unification. Zollverein () Prussian chancellor who engineered the unification of Germany under his rule. Delivers "blood and iron" speech. Bismarck The carefully edited dispatch by Bismarck to the French ambassador Benedetti that appeared to be insulting and thus requiring retaliation by France for the seeming affront to French honor. Ems Telegram Emperor of Germany. Kaiser The popularly elected lower house of government of the new German Empire after 1871. Reichstag The process of forcing Russian culture on all ethnic groups in the Russian empire. Russification Elected local rural governments allow some democracy without weakening the central government. Zemstvos Government supported attacks against Jews in Russia. It was an organized massacre of a particular ethnic group, in particular that of Jews in Russia or eastern Europe. Pogroms A massacre on 30 January 1972 in the Bogside area of Derry, Northern Ireland, when British soldiers shot 26 civilians during a protest march against internment without trial. "Bloody Sunday" Various peoples in this area of Eastern Europe rebelled against Ottoman rule, contributing to their imperial decline. Balkans A policy or ideology of extending the rule over peoples and other countries, for extending political and economic access, power and control, often through employing hard power, especially military force, but also soft power. Imperialism The belief or desire of a government or people that a country should maintain a strong military capability and be prepared to use it aggressively to defend or promote national interests. Militarism A formal agreement between two or more nations or powers to cooperate and come to one another's defense. Alliance System State of unrest in the Balkans that allowed the assassination of the heir to the Austro-Hungarian thrown to WWI. Balkan "Powder Keg" Archduke of Austria Hungary who was assassinated at Sarajevo by a Serbian terrorist group called the Black Hand. His death was a main cause for World War I. Franz Ferdinand Germany gave Austria a "blank check". Meaning that whatever Austria did to Serbia, Germany would do as well. "Blank Check" Trench warfare, machine guns, artillery, tanks, air power, bombings, chemical warfare, U-boats, and air-craft carriers. Innovations in Warfare A major French victory against the invading German army at the start of WWI. In reality, the battle lost Germany the war. Battle of the Marne A poorly planned and badly executed Allied campaign to capture the Turkish peninsula of Gallipoli during 1915 in World War I. Intended to open up a sea lane to the Russians through the Black Sea, the attempt failed with more than 50 percent casualties on both sides. Gallipoli a prolonged war or period of conflict during which each side seeks to gradually wear out the other by a series of small-scale actions/attacks. War of Attrition The overthrow of Russia's Provisional Government in the fall of 1917 by Lenin and his Bolshevik forces, made possible by the government's continuing defeat in the war, its failure to bring political reform, and a further decline in the conditions of everyday life. Bolshevik Revolution Russian founder of the Bolsheviks and leader of the Russian Revolution and first head of the USSR (). Vladimir Lenin Treaty in which Russia lost substantial territory to the Germans. This ended Russian participation in the war (1918). Treaty of Brest-Litovsk A series of proposals in which U.S. president Woodrow Wilson outlined a plan for achieving a lasting peace after World War I. It was rejected originally. Fourteen Points Agreement in 1919 ending World War I; included huge war reparations to be paid by Germany. Versailles Treaty A world organization established in 1920 to promote international cooperation and peace. It was first proposed in 1918 by President Woodrow Wilson, although the United States never joined the League. Essentially powerless, it was officially dissolved in 1946. League of Nations The annexation of Austria by Germany in 1938. Anschluss Founded fascism and ruled Italy for almost 21 years, most of that time as dictator. He dreamed of building Italy into a great empire, but he led his nation to defeat in World War II () and was executed by his own people. Mussolini A private army under Mussolini who destroyed socialist newspapers, union halls, and Socialist party headquarters, eventually pushing Socialists out of the city governments of Northern Italy. Black Shirts A political system headed by a dictator that calls for extreme nationalism and racism and no tolerance of opposition. Fascism German republic founded after the WWI and the downfall of the German Empire's monarchy. Weimar Republic