BIO 210 FINAL EXAM REVIEW | QUESTIONS & ANSWERS (VERIFIED) | LATEST UPDATE | GRADED A+

1 BIO 210 FINAL EXAM REVIEW | QUESTIONS & ANSWERS (VERIFIED) | LATEST UPDATE | GRADED A+ Define Homeostasis Correct Answer: The existence and maintenance of a relatively constant environment within the body. Lymphatic System Correct Answer: Removes foreign substances from the blood and lymph, combats disease, maintains tissue fluid balance, and transports fats from digestive tract. Consist of: lymphatic vessels lymph nodes lymphatic organs Respiratory System Correct Answer: Exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood and air and regulates blood pH. Consists of: lungs 2 larynx trachea bronchi nose and nasal cavity Digestive System Correct Answer: Performs the mechanical and chemical processes of digestion, absorption of nutrients, and elimination of wastes. Consists of: mouth esophagus stomach intestines rectum gallbladder appendix Integumentary System Correct Answer: Provides protection, regulates temperature, reduces water loss, and produces vitamin D precursors. Consists of: skin hair 3 nails sweat glands Skeletal System Correct Answer: Provides protection and support, allows body movements, produces blood cells, and stores minerals and fat. Consists of: bones associated cartilages ligaments joints Muscular System Correct Answer: Produces body movements, maintains posture, and produces body heat. Consists of: muscles attached to the skeleton by tendons Nervous System Correct Answer: A major regulatory system that detects sensations and controls movements, physiologic processes, and intellectual functions. Consists of: brain 4 spinal cord nerves sensory receptors Endocrine System Correct Answer: A major regulatory system that influences metabolism, growth, reproduction, and many other functions. Consists of: pituitary gland pineal body hypothalamus thyroid parathyroid thymus adrenals ovaries pancreas Cardiovascular System Correct Answer: Transports nutrients, waste products, gases, and hormones throughout the body. plays a role in immune response and the regulation of body temperature. Consists of: heart 5 blood vessels blood Urinary System Correct Answer: Removes waste products from the blood and regulates blood pH, ion balance, and water temperature. Consists of: kidneys urinary bladder ureter urethra Female Reproductive System Correct Answer: Produces oocytes and the site of fertilization and fetal development. produces milk for the newborns. produces hormones that influence sexual behaviors and functions. Consists of: ovaries vagina uterus mammary glands Male Reproductive System 6 Correct Answer: Produces and transfers sperm cells to the female and produces hormones that influence sexual functions and behaviors. Consists of: testes prostate gland penis What term refers to less specialized cells becoming more specialized? Correct Answer: Differentiation Negative feedback mechanism Correct Answer: The most fundamental way the body strives to maintain homeostatic regulation. Ex: Maintaining normal blood pressure Positive feedback mechanism Correct Answer: the result or response enhances the original stimulus so that the activity is accelerated. Ex: Blood Clot Macroscopic Anatomy Correct Answer: examines large, visible structures 7 Microscopic Anatomy Correct Answer: Study of body structures that are too small to be seen with the naked eye Ex: Cells and tissues under a microscope Anatomy Correct Answer: the study of the STRUCTURE of the body and the STRUCTURAL relationships between its parts Physiology Correct Answer: the study of the FUNCTION of the body and the FUNCTIONAL relationships between its parts. Cytology Correct Answer: the study of cells Histology Correct Answer: The study of tissues Pathology Correct Answer: The study of disease 7 levels of organization in the human body 8 Correct Answer: from simplest, to most complex Chemical Level Organelle Level Cellular Level Tissue Level Organ Level Organ System Level Organism Level Polar Covalent Bond Correct Answer: atoms DO NOT share their electrons equally Non-Polar Covalent Bond Correct Answer: atoms DO share their electrons equally 4 most abundant elements in the body Correct Answer: Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen (C,H,O,N) Atomic Number Correct Answer: number of protons in an atom Atomic Weight 9 Correct Answer: average of the mass numbers of all isotopes of an element Anion Correct Answer: a negatively charged ion Cation Correct Answer: a positively charged ion What effect do enzymes have on chemical reactions in which they are involved? Correct Answer: speed up chemical reactions without changing the reaction. What is the "lock-and-key" concept as it relates to enzymes? Correct Answer: explains the way an enzyme/substrate reaction occurs through a metabolic pathway Hydrolysis Correct Answer: a chemical reaction in which water reacts with a compound to produce other compounds Diffusion Correct Answer: the process by which molecules move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration 10 Acid Correct Answer: A proton DONOR. A substance that dissociates in water, releasing "free" hydrogen ions [H+] acidic levels: pH of 0 - 7.3 Base Correct Answer: A proton ACCEPTOR. Substances the either accept H+, or release hydroxide ions OH- into a solution... [OH-] basic levels: pH of 7.5-14 Buffer Correct Answer: Stabilize pH. a chemical that resists changes in pH when either an acid or a base is added to a solution containing a buffer. Which class of organic chemicals has molecules that are sometimes called neutral fats? Correct Answer: Lipids/Triglycerides Which class of organic chemicals has molecules composed of chains of amino acids? Correct Answer: Proteins What is the repeating chemical unit (monomer) in nucleic acids (DNA or RNA) Correct Answer: DNA: A-T 11 T-A C-G G-C RNA: U-A A-U List the types of organic chemicals that can be found in the plasma membrane. Correct Answer: Lipids Proteins Carbohydrates What is the general function of phospholipids? Correct Answer: assemble to form a lipid bilayer, which is a double layer of phospholipid molecules. What is the function of a ribosome? Correct Answer: production of proteins. What membrane-bound organelle uses oxygen and organic molecules to make ATP? Correct Answer: Mitochondria 12 What membrane-bound organelle is the "garbage man" of the cell. Correct Answer: Lysosomes List the types of protein fibers found inside cells in the cytoskeleton. Correct Answer: microtubules actin filaments intermediate filaments List the types of protein fibers found outside cells in extracellular matrix. Correct Answer: Cilia Flagella Microvili List the ions that pass through protein channels during electrical signaling. Correct Answer: Sodium Potassium Calcium State the effects of a Hypertonic extracellular solution on a cell's structure Correct Answer: high solute concentration causes shrinkage (CRENATION) as water moves by osmosis out of the cell and into a Hypertonic solution. State the effects of a Hypotonic extracellular solution on a cells structure. 13 Correct Answer: solution with a low solute concentration results in swelling of the cell (LYSIS) Define Extracellular Matrix Correct Answer: Nonliving chemical substances located between connective tissues... ground substance an protein fibers List the 4 major tissue types Correct Answer: Epithelial Tissue Connective Tissue Muscle Tissue Nervous Tissue Which type of epithelium provides the most protection? Correct Answer: Stratified Squamous Epithelium Which type of epithelium is most specialized to allow filtration and diffusion to go through it? Correct Answer: Simple Squamous Epithelium In what specific tissue types can chondrocytes and osteocytes be found? Correct Answer: Connective Tissue chodrocytes- Cartilage 14 osteocytes-bone(osseous) What is the fundamental differences between exocrine and endocrine glands? Correct Answer: Endocrine glands- (DUCTLESS)-secrete hormones through blood. Exocrine glands- (HAVE DUCTS)-secretions released through ducts. ex: sweat and mammary glands Specialized functions of adipocytes Correct Answer: STORE ENERGY.-Do Not Divide. found only in adipose tissue. large and closely packed together. filled with lipids/ Specialized functions of function of fibroblasts Correct Answer: Most abundant Connective Tissue Proper cell type. "working" cells that make and secrete the matrix What is the only voluntary effector cell type in the human body? Correct Answer: Skeletal Muscle Name describe and locate 3 different types of muscle tissue. Correct Answer: Skeletal Musclestriated, voluntary, multinucleated Attach bone to other connective tissue 15 Cardiac Musclestriated, involuntary,(uni/bi)nucleated, intercalated disks In the heart Smooth Musclenon-striated, involuntary, uninuleated walls of hollow organs(urinary bladder,stomach, intestines) List the steps in tissue repair, distinguishing between the 2 different final outcomes. Correct Answer: INFLAMMATION- (by regeneration) 1.Dilation of blood vessels increasing blood circulation to area and redness. 2.Plasma diffuses into interstitial space, causing swelling and pain. 3.White Blood Cells(neutrophils,macrophages) leave dilated blood vessels and move to site of bacterial infection, phagocytizing bacterin and debris. REPLACEMENT- (by FIBROSIS) produces clot-scab forms blasts move in under scab laying down collagen fibers binding the area together granulation tissue 4. If granulation tissue is replaced w/ fibrous scar tissue= fibrosis What cell type can synthesize vitamin D in the Epidermis? Correct Answer: Keratinocyte 16 What specific layer of the integument contains a continuous layer of dense irregular connective tissue? Correct Answer: Reticular Layer What cutaneous gland produces oils by holocrine secretion? Correct Answer: sebaceous glands Merocrine secretion Correct Answer: secretions are either actively transported or packaged in vesicles and the released through exocytosis at the surface of the cell. Apocrine secretion Correct Answer: secretions are stored in the cell near the lumen. secratory product is pinched off and joins secretions by a merocine process. Holocrine secretion Correct Answer: products accumulate in the cytoplasm of each cell, the cell ruptures and dies, and the entire cell becomes part of the secretion. What system of the body is responsible for blood cell production? Correct Answer: Skeletal System What part of the long bone contains a medullary cavity filled with yellow bone marrow? 17 Correct Answer: diaphysis Name the 2 processes for bone formation? Correct Answer: Intramembranous Ossificationin dense connective tissue. forms the flat bones of skull Endochondral Ossificationin cartilage(hyaline). occurs at epiphyseal plates of children. Osteoblasts Correct Answer: Bone Makers Osteoclasts Correct Answer: Bone Destroyers List the layers of the integument from superficial to deep Correct Answer: Stratum Corneum Stratum Lucidum Stratum Granulosum Stratum Spinosum Stratum Basale "Cora Lucys Granny Spins Baseballs" List the structures of a bone from superficial to deep 18 Correct Answer: Periosteum Compact Bone Spongy Bone(Medullary Cavity) Endosteum List the structures of a muscle from superficial to deep Correct Answer: Epimysium Perimysium Endomysium Sarcolemma What effect do calcitonin and PTH have on bone structure and soluble Ca++ levels? Correct Answer: Calcitonin inhibits osteoclast to build to make stronger & increases Ca excretion PTH stimulates osteoclasts to break down bone and & decreases Ca excretion List the steps in bone fracture repair Correct Answer: Hematoma Cartiaginous Callus formation Bony callus formation bone remodeling Scurvy 19 Correct Answer: a condition caused by (vitamin C) deficiency Osteoporosis Correct Answer: lack of hormones, Ca, exercise, or Vitamin D 3 FUNCTIONAL classes of joints Correct Answer: Synarthrotic=Immovable (sutures) Ampiarthrotic=Slightly Movable (pubic symphasis/vertebrae) Diarthrotic= Freely Movable (Shoulder/Elbow) 3 Structural classes of joints Correct Answer: Fibrous Cartilaginous Synovial Osteoarthritis Correct Answer: synovial joint inflammation due to normal wear and tear Rheumatoid Arthritis Correct Answer: synovial joint inflammation due to an autoimmune attack on joints What organelle stores and releases Ca++ in the cytoplasm of muscle cells? Correct Answer: sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) 20 What are the specific terms for plasma membrane and cytoplasm of a muscle cell? Correct Answer: Sarcolemma and Sarcoplasm What is the segmental unit of contraction between 2 'Z' lines on a myofibril? Correct Answer: Sarcomere What terms refer to the dark strips and light stripes in muscle striations? Correct Answer: A band I band What term can refer to either a bundle of muscle fibers or a bundle of nerve fibers? Correct Answer: fascicle What protein makes up the structure of thick filaments? Correct Answer: Myosin What protein makes up the fibrous structure of thin filaments and microfilaments? Correct Answer: Actin What protein makes up the structure of intermediate filaments in the dead layer of the epidermis? Correct Answer: Keratin 21 Motor Unit Correct Answer: 1 axon and all the muscle cells it intervates Name the 3 parts of the neuromuscular junction Correct Answer: Pre synaptic terminal=end of the neuron Synaptic Cleft= extracellular space Motor end-plate= the post synaptic membrane Tetanus Correct Answer: relaxation never occurs Steps of the Cross Bridge Cycle Correct Answer: 1.Exposure of active sites 2.Cross bridge formation 3. Power stroke 4 Cross bridge releases 5. Breakdown of ATP 6. Recovery stroke Protein Pumps Correct Answer: Active Transport 22 Protein Channels Correct Answer: Passive Transport What are 2 types of regulated channel proteins bases on the signals that open/close them? Correct Answer: Chemically Gated (Ligand Gated) Voltage Gated List the 3 plasma membrane proteins that are required to create the resting plasma membrane potential? Correct Answer: N K Cl Why are some axons surrounded by myelin sheaths? Correct Answer: Cytoplasmic extensions of the Schwann cells in the PNS and the oligodendrocytes in the CNS form Myelin. Myelin protects and insulates the axon. Graded Potential Correct Answer: inhibitory or excitatory short-range electrical signals that vary in strength 23 Action potential Correct Answer: all-or-none long-range electrical signals that are always maximum strength Depolarization Correct Answer: LEADS to action potential Increased membrane permeability to Na+ and movement of Na+ into the cell. Activation gates of Na+ channels open Hyperpolarization Correct Answer: AFTER an action potential Increase membrane permeability to K+ or Cl- and K+ diffuses out of cell. K+ channels open What kind of transport protein is opened by threshold potential? Correct Answer: Na+ channels Absolute refractory period Correct Answer: during depolarization 2nd action potential can not form all voltage gated channels are opened and destined to open 24 Relative refractory period Correct Answer: after depolarization a 2nd action potential can form What carbohydrate is the fuel molecule required by neurons? Correct Answer: glucose What neuroglia cells surround axons in the PNS Correct Answer: Schwann cells Metabolism Correct Answer: sum of all chemical reactions that take place in the body Graded/Local potentials Correct Answer: A stimulus applied at one location on the plasma membrane of a cell normally causes a change in resting membrane potential Which organ system is specialized specifically for signaling via hormones Correct Answer: Endocrine System Which organ system is specialized specifically for synaptic signaling and electrical signal integration? Correct Answer: Nervous System 25 Any midsagittal structure is_____ to all structures on either side of it Correct Answer: medial Any structure closer to an outer surface is ____ to all structures deep to it Correct Answer: superficial In Anatomical position, structures above are____ to structures below them Correct Answer: superior Rotating the forearm so palms face back or posteriorly is called____ Correct Answer: pronation Rotating the forearm so palms face up or anteriorly is called____ Correct Answer: supination Within a frontal plane, moving limbs toward the median plane is called_____ Correct Answer: adduction Within a frontal plane, moving limbs away from the median plane is called____ Correct Answer: abduction True Solution 26 Correct Answer: Homogenous mixture formed when a solute is dissolved in a solvent. Suspension Correct Answer: liquid through which a solid is dispersed and from which the solid separates unless the liquid is kept in motion. What is the difference in function between cilia and microvlili? Correct Answer: Cili- involved in movement Microvili-increase surface area of cell What cytoskeletal protein fibers form mitotic spindle Correct Answer: centrioles microtubules What vesicular transport mechanism is used by gland cells doing merocrine secretion? Correct Answer: exocytosis Permeability Correct Answer: degree of penetrability, as in membranes that allow given substances to pass through; the ability to penetrate Osmosis Correct Answer: diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane 27 What connective tissue is NON vascularized? Correct Answer: Cartilage Name the brown pigment in skin and identify the cell type that produces it. Correct Answer: Melanin from Melanocytes Specifically, which layer of the skin contains Meissner's corpuscles? Correct Answer: papillary layer Name the muscle that raises hair by pulling on hair follicles Correct Answer: arrector pili Name the fluid occupying the central canal of the spinal cord and ventricles of the brain Correct Answer: cerebral spinal fluid Which disorder is caused by growth hormone hypersecretion starting as a child? Correct Answer: gigantism State the major shape classifications of bones and give an example of each Correct Answer: Long Bones: arms, hands, feet, fingers, toes- Humerus Short Bones:ankle and wrist- tarsal and carpal Irregular bones: pelvic and spinal vertebrae 28 Sutural bones: Sesamoid bones Which type of synovial joint allows for the greatest degree of movement? Correct Answer: ball and socket joint What phase of muscle twitch occurs after the stimulus but before tension starts? Correct Answer: Latent Which subatomic particle attracts electrons? Correct Answer: Protons Translate K+ & Na+ into words Correct Answer: Potassium & Sodium Molecule Correct Answer: substance composed of 2 or more atoms Which type of chemical can form the shape of enzymes, receptors, channels, carriers, and fibers? Correct Answer: Protein List the organs that are in the PNS 29 Correct Answer: Nerves Ganglia Muscles Glands Where on a multipolar neuron could you find post-synaptic receptors that detect neurotransmitters? Correct Answer: dendrite What are the Nodes of Ranvier? Correct Answer: unmyelinated sections of the axon Where in the body would inflammation be called meningitis? Correct Answer: meninges Conscious experiences and actions on the left side of the body occur in which cerebral hemisphere? Correct Answer: right hemisphere What functions are localized in the frontal lobe of the cerebrum? Correct Answer: voluntary motor function motivation aggression 30 the sense of smell mood Reflex Correct Answer: a rapid, predictable, automatic response to stimuli steps of a typical reflex Correct Answer: 1. sensory receptor detects stimulus 2. sensory neuron conducts action potentials through the spinal nerve and dorsal root to the spinal cord 3. sensory neuron synapses with interneuron in spinal cord 4. Interneuron Synapses with motor neuron 5. motor neuron axon conducts action potentials through the ventral root and spinal nerve to an effector organ. monosynaptic reflex Correct Answer: a reflex only requiring one afferent and efferent neuron (faster) polysynaptic reflex Correct Answer: involves interneurons (slower) 31 What is the function of the Limbic System in the brain? Correct Answer: memory reproduction nutrition emotional interpretation of sensory input List the 3 purely sensory cranial nerves Correct Answer: I, II, VIII (1, 2, 8) Olfactory, Optic, Vestibulochlear Oxytocin and ADH from pituitary gland functions Correct Answer: Oxytocin =activates smooth muscle contractions in reproductive organs ADH = renal collecting tubules retain water in body What is the cause of diabetes mellitus? Correct Answer: not enough insulin too much glucose what is the cause of diabetes insipidus? Correct Answer: insufficient ADH seccretion visceral serous membrane Correct Answer: surrounds inner wall of organs 32 parietal serous membrane Correct Answer: surrounds outer wall of organs mediastium Correct Answer: divides the thoracic cavity into right and left parts What organs are in the two subdivisions of the thoracic and abdominal cavities? Correct Answer: ThoracicRibcage (right and left lungs) Abdominalstomach,intestines, spleen, liver, pancreas, kidneys PelvicUrinary Bladder, part of lg intestine, internal reproductive organs What polysaccharide stores a chain of glucose molecules as a granule in cytoplasm? Correct Answer: Glycogen Transcription Correct Answer: the synthesis of mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA based on the nucleotide sequence in DNA. How is chromosome movement different in prophase compared to anaphase? 33 Correct Answer: Prophase- chromosomes are forming from Chromatid. Centrioles move to opposite ends of cell Anaphase-Cromatid is now called Chromosomes. 2 identical sets of chromosomes For what cellular function are macrophages and microglia specialized? Correct Answer: phagacytosis/ housekeeping in the CNS Name the 3 muscle types and list characteristics of each type. Correct Answer: Skeletal Muscle- striated/voluntary/multinucleated Smooth Muscle-NONstriated/INVOLUNTARY/uninucleated Cardiac Muscle-Striated/INVOLUNTARY/uni or binucleated Is a luxation a structure, function, or pathologic condition? Correct Answer: pathologic condition What are Lacunae? Correct Answer: small space or cavity where osteocytes live. What term refers to the free surface side of the epithelium? Correct Answer: apical surface Lumen? Sprain 34 Correct Answer: overstretched ligament Which division of the nervous system sends control signals to involunatry muscles and glands? Correct Answer: Autonomic division of the PNS What is the function of ependymal cells? Correct Answer: help move Cerbralpinal fluid through the cavities of the brain and spinal cord Structurally, how are ganglia and nuclei the same? Where is each located? Correct Answer: They are both a collection of nerve cell bodies Ganglia-PNS nuclei- CNS What is a nerve? Correct Answer: A bundle of axons and sheaths wrapped outside the spinal cord *Found in the PNS What is a tract Correct Answer: ventral,dorsal,and lateral columns consisting of axons ascending to the brain or descending from the brain. *Found in the CNS 35 Which cranial nerve carries parasympathetic control signals to thoracic and abdominopelvic organs (name and roman numeral) Correct Answer: X. Vagus What effect does increase glucagon signaling have on the glucose content in the blood? Correct Answer: Increase glucose and insulin levels What is the function of hydrocortisone (cortisol)? Correct Answer: anti-inflammatory/ regulates glucose and stress responses increases the breakdown of protein and fat and increases their conversion to forms that can be used as energy sources. What specific structure secretes hydrocortisone? Correct Answer: Adrenal Glands Which division of the PNS specifically coordinates emergency reponses? Correct Answer: Sympathetic- "fight or flight" Which division of the PNS only contains receptors and afferent signaling pathways? Correct Answer: sensory nervous system What organs are the major organs in the thoracic cavity? 36 Correct Answer: heart and lungs Translate the following formulas into words: H2O and C6H12O6 Correct Answer: Water Glucose Which disorder is caused by growth hormone hypersecretion starting as an adult? Correct Answer: acromegaly What is the function of the somatic nervous system? Correct Answer: conducts voluntary efferent signals from CNS to skeletal muscle fibers What is the relationship between a hormone and a target cell? Correct Answer: hormones are chemical signals that require specific receptors in the cell to cause an activity What 2 hormones are produced in the hypothalamus and stored in the posterior pituitary gland? Correct Answer: Oxytocin and ADH (vasopressin) In endocrine function, what is a "second messenger"? 37 Correct Answer: An intracellular mediator that binds to extracellular receptors while the hormone remains outside of the cell. Which hormone stimulates mammary gland development, and plays a role in maintaining milk secretion in lactating women? Correct Answer: Prolactin Myxedema Correct Answer: condition resulting from a deficiency of the thyroid hormone thyroxine; a severe form of hypothyroidism in an adult; symptoms include puffiness of the face and hands, coarse and thickened skin, enlarged tongue, slow speech, and anemia Grave's disease Correct Answer: An autoimmune disorder that leads to overactivity of the thyroid gland Goiter Correct Answer: abnormally enlarged thyroid gland How do hormones get into the blood stream? Correct Answer: specific endocrine glands