BIO 210 EXAM 1 | QUESTIONS & ANSWERS (VERIFIED) | LATEST UPDATE | GRADED A+

1 BIO 210 EXAM 1 | QUESTIONS & ANSWERS (VERIFIED) | LATEST UPDATE | GRADED A+ Gene expression Correct Answer: the process by which information encoded in DNA directs the synthesis of proteins or; in some case, RNAs that are not translated into proteins and instead functions as RNAs Ionic bonds Correct Answer: Bonds that require donating and accepting electrons Emergent properties Correct Answer: Properties of a complex system that are not present within its parts but that emerge only when those parts are combined. Natural selection Correct Answer: A process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits. Electronegativity 2 Correct Answer: is a measure of the tendency of an atom to attract a bonding pair of electrons. Polar covalent bond Correct Answer: a covalent bond between atoms that differ in electronegativity. The shared electrons are pulled closer to the more electronegative atom, making it slightly negative and the other atom slightly positive Anion Correct Answer: A negatively charged ion Cation Correct Answer: A positively charged ion Van der Waals interactions Correct Answer: very weak interaction between molecules due to temporary charges attracting atoms that are very close together hydrogen bonds Correct Answer: A type of weak chemical bond formed when the slightly positive hydrogen atom of a polar covalent bond in one molecule is attracted to the slightly negative atom of a polar covalent bond in another molecule. 3 Adhesion Correct Answer: An attraction between molecules of different substances Cohesion Correct Answer: Attraction between molecules of the same substance Specific heat Correct Answer: The measure of the heat energy required to increase the temperature of a unit quantity of a substance by a certain temperature interval.The amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of a substance by 1 degree Celsius Evaporative cooling Correct Answer: The process in which the surface of an object becomes cooler during evaporation, a result of the molecules with the greatest kinetic energy changing from the liquid to the gaseous state Heat of vaporization Correct Answer: The amount of energy required for the liquid at its boiling point to become a gas Hydrocarbons Correct Answer: organic molecules consisting of only carbon and hydrogen 4 cis/trans isomers Correct Answer: Trans- they are on opposite sides Cis- they are on the same side Enantiomers Correct Answer: Isomers that are mirror images of each other adenosine triphosphate Correct Answer: -an energy containing compound made of nitrogen component adenine, 5-carbon sugar called ribose, and three phosphate group polymer Correct Answer: a long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together by covalent bonds monomers Correct Answer: A chemical subunit that serves as a building block of a polymer. Dehydration reactions Correct Answer: chemical reactions that involve the loss of water from the reacting molecule hydrolysis 5 Correct Answer: Breaking down complex molecules by the chemical addition of water carbohydrates Correct Answer: simple sugars that can be broken down to release energy monosaccharides Correct Answer: simple sugars starch Correct Answer: A storage polysaccharide found in the roots of plants and certain other cells; a polymer of glucose. glycosidic linkage Correct Answer: a covalent bond formed between two monosaccharaides by a dehydration reaction. polysaccharides Correct Answer: a polymer of many monosaccharides, formed by dehydration reactions glycogen Correct Answer: A form of stored blood sugar (glucose) typically derived from food; stored in limited amounts in skeletal muscle, liver, and brain. 6 cellulose Correct Answer: A structural polysaccharide of cell walls, consisting of glucose monomers joined by b-1, 4-glycosidic linkages. Humans can not digest, cows can lipids Correct Answer: A group of organic compounds composed mostly of carbon and hydrogen including a proportionately smaller amount of oxygen; are insoluble in water, serve as a source of stored energy, and are a component of cell membranes. disaccaride Correct Answer: two monosaccarides linked together by dehydration synthesis; glycosidic linkage saturated fatty acids Correct Answer: A fatty acid in which all carbons in the hydrocarbon tail are connected by single bonds and the maximum number of hydrogen atoms are attached to the carbon skeleton. unsaturated fatty acids Correct Answer: A fatty acid possessing one or more double bonds between the carbons in the hydrocarbon tail. Such bonding reduces the number of hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon skeleton. 7 phospholipid Correct Answer: a lipid made of glycerol joined to two fatty acids and phosphate group. The hydrocarbon chains for the fatty acids acts as the nonpolar, hydrophobic tails, while the rest of the the molecule acts as a polar, hydrophilic head. catalysts Correct Answer: Chemical agents that selectively speed up chemical reactions without being consumed by the reaction. polypeptides Correct Answer: a polymer of many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds peptide bonds Correct Answer: the covalent bond between the carboxyl group on one amino acid and the amino group an another, formed by dehydration reaction amino acids Correct Answer: The building blocks of proteins. Compounds made up of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and sulfur. primary structure Correct Answer: the level of protein structure referring to the specific linear sequence of amino acids 8 (alpha) helix Correct Answer: A spiral shape constituting one form of the secondary structure of proteins, arising from a specific hydrogen-bonding structure. (beta) pleated sheet Correct Answer: One form of the secondary structure of proteins in which the polypeptide chain folds back and forth, or where two regions of the chain lie parallel to each other and are held together by hydrogen bonds. tertiary structure Correct Answer: The third level of protein structure; the overall, three-dimensional shape of a polypeptide due to interactions of the R groups of the amino acids making up the chain. hydrophobic interactions Correct Answer: a type of weak chemical interaction caused when molecules that do not mix with water coalesce to exclude water disulfide bridges Correct Answer: A strong covalent bond formed when the sulfur of one cysteine monomer bonds to the sulfur of another cysteine monomer. 9 quaternary structure Correct Answer: defined by characteristics three-dimensional arrangement of its constituent subunits, each a polypeptide sickle-cell disease Correct Answer: A recessively inherited human blood disorder in which a single nucleotide change in the β-globin gene causes hemoglobin to aggregate, changing red blood cell shape and causing multiple symptoms in afflicted individuals. denaturation Correct Answer: In proteins, a process in which a protein unravels and loses its native conformation, thereby becoming biologically inactive. In DNA, the separation of the two strands of the double helix. gene Correct Answer: A discrete unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) Correct Answer: A nucleic acid molecule, usually a double stranded helix, in which each polynucleotide strand consists of nucleotide monomers with a deoxyribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases A T C G; capable of being replicated and determining the inherited structure of cell's proteins. 10 ribonucleic acid (RNA) Correct Answer: a type of nucleic acid consisting of a polynucleotide made up of nucleotide monomers with a ribose sugar and nitrogenous bases, adenine, cytosine, guanine, and uracil; usually a single stand purines Correct Answer: one of the two types of nitrogenous bases found in nucleotides, characterized by a six membered fused to a five remembered ring. Adenine (A) and Guanine (G) are in these antiparallel Correct Answer: The opposite arrangement of the sugar-phosphate backbones in a DNA double helix. pyrimidines Correct Answer: one of the two types of nitrogenous bases found in nucleotides, characterized by a six membered ring. This contains Cytosine (C), Thymine (T), and Uracil (U). radioactive isotopes Correct Answer: an isotope that is unstable;the nucleus decays spontaneously, giving off detectable particles and energy 11 Hydroxyl group Correct Answer: A functional group consisting of a hydrogen atom joined to an oxygen atom by a polar covalent bond. Molecules possessing this group are soluble in water and are called alcohols. Carbonyl group Correct Answer: Functional group for the aldehydes Carboxyl group Correct Answer: A functional group present in organic acids and consisting of a single carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom and also bonded to a hydroxyl group. Amino group Correct Answer: A functional group that consists of a nitrogen atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms Sulfhydryl group Correct Answer: A functional group consisting of a sulfur atom bonded to a hydrogen atom. Phosphate group 12 Correct Answer: A functional group consisting of a phosphorus atom covalently bonded to four oxygen atoms Methyl group Correct Answer: the functional group that consists of a carbon bonded to three H atoms Aldehyde Correct Answer: An organic molecule with a carbonyl group located at the end of the carbon skeleton. Ketone Correct Answer: An organic compound with a carbonyl group of which the carbon atom is bonded to two other carbons.