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Helen - Helen of Troy - blamed for the Trojan War, wife of Menelaus; mentioned in the Illiad; defended by Gorgias Herodotus - Wrote "The Histories" - traveled the known world, wrote on politics and culture Heraclitus - Wrote "Fragments", ascending/descending = the same, simultaneous contradictions; truth cannot be grasped; philosopher of "becoming" ("we are and we are not"); "You cannot step into the same river twice" "All entities move, nothing remains still...you cannot step twice into the same stream" "Ever newer waters flow on those who step into the same rivers" (=the world is constantly changing; change is the only thing that does not change) Parmenides - wrote a poem on truth (=aletheia) and opinion (=doxa); wrote "On Nature" where character talks to Persephone: only the gods and the goddesses know the truth. Humans merely have doxa (opinion). Truth does not change (contrary to Heracitus). God is the only thing that changes ("And it is all one to me/Where I am to begin; for I shall return there again."). Doxa means personal opinion, but can also mean cultural opinion. Empedocles - "father of rhetoric" - Student of Heraclitus. Fought for the poor against the received view of class. Overthrew an oligarchy and refused to be king. Created the cosmological idea of the four elements: fire, water, earth, air. Believed the universe started as a sphere of pure love/attraction, but is being pulled apart steadily by strife. All creatures linked through reincarnation (influenced by Hinduism); vegetarian. The person who understood divinity would break out of the cycle of reincarnation. Lysias - Sophist - "father of lawyers" - prepared young men to handle their defense, prosecution, and jury duty Protagoras - Sophist - Man is the measure of all things, not the gods (the opposite of Parmenides); student of Heraclitus. Claimed he could make the weaker claim appear the stronger Gorgias - Sophist - Student of Empedocles, more interested in style than virtue. Developed or emphasized chiasmus (crossed phrasing, "Ask not what your country can do for you, but what you can