COM 312-EXAM 1 EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 100% SOLVED

COM 312-EXAM 1 EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 100% SOLVED Helen - answerHelen of Troy - blamed for the Trojan War, wife of Menelaus; mentioned in the Illiad; defended by Gorgias Herodotus - answerWrote "The Histories" - traveled the known world, wrote on politics and culture Heraclitus - answerWrote "Fragments", ascending/descending = the same, simultaneous contradictions; truth cannot be grasped; philosopher of "becoming" ("we are and we are not"); "You cannot step into the same river twice" "All entities move, nothing remains still...you cannot step twice into the same stream" "Ever newer waters flow on those who step into the same rivers" (=the world is constantly changing; change is the only thing that does not change) Parmenides - answerwrote a poem on truth (=aletheia) and opinion (=doxa); wrote "On Nature" where character talks to Persephone: only the gods and the goddesses know the truth. Humans merely have doxa (opinion). Truth does not change (contrary to Heracitus). God is the only thing that changes ("And it is all one to me/Where I am to begin; for I shall return there again."). Doxa means personal opinion, but can also mean cultural opinion. Empedocles - answer"father of rhetoric" - Student of Heraclitus. Fought for the poor against the received view of class. Overthrew an oligarchy and refused to be king. Created the cosmological idea of the four elements: fire, water, earth, air. Believed the universe started as a sphere of pure love/attraction, but is being pulled apart steadily by strife. All creatures linked through reincarnation (influenced by Hinduism); vegetarian. The person who understood divinity would break out of the cycle of reincarnation. Lysias - answerSophist - "father of lawyers" - prepared young men to handle their defense, prosecution, and jury duty Protagoras - answerSophist - Man is the measure of all things, not the gods (the opposite of Parmenides); student of Heraclitus. Claimed he could make the weaker claim appear the stronger Gorgias - answerSophist - Student of Empedocles, more interested in style than virtue. Developed or emphasized chiasmus (crossed phrasing, "Ask not what your country can do for you, but what you can do for your country"), kairos (timing), and dissoi logoi (opposing arguments); wrote "Encomium of Helen" Demosthenes - answerSophist - first speech early in life; learned by studying famous speeches. Tried to save Athens from Macedonians - failed. Had lisp; overcame by speaking with rocks in mouth; spoke at roar of waves and winds Isocrates - answerSophist - Student of Gorgias and Socrates. Opened a school of oratory and civic leadership. Wrote "Against the Sophists" (against the ones who were less interested in civic action or virtue, those who just took money). Focused on character-building and grounding in practical wisdom (phronesis). Developed Kairos further by adding idea of historical time. Aspasia - answerteacher of Socrates, taught men and women from her salon, may have been the source of the "Socratic method" Socrates - answerequated virtue and knowledge; known for Know Thyself; Challenged civic and religious institutions; Criticized the Sophists; Taught young students to question everything; accused for "corrupting the youth" and sentenced to death; Drank hemlock; did not write anything down Plato - answerWrote mostly in the form of dialogues (most famous for "The Republic"). Student of Socrates. Academy with both men and women, mostly upper class students, promoted the guardian class and the Philosopher Kings Aristotle - answerWrote "Rhetoric." Rhetoric's purpose: critique and make arguments, leads to the good life. Opposed Sophists. Encouraged virtue and human flourishing. Polyhistor (knowledgeable in many subjects) and encyclopedist. Thought women were "deformed males." Encouraged classism and ethnocentrism. Studied at the Academy. Taught Alexander; resisted Alexander's claim that he was a god. Life in danger; ran. Cicero - answerwrote De Oratore (the role of forensics is to restore justice; wants to unite philosophy and rhetoric); studied rhetoric & law (forensics), powerful (Consul), from the upper- middle class (equestrian class); wrote De Inventione (the five canons of rhetoric); exiled a lot because of parrhesia (speaking too boldly) Quintilian - answerwrote 12 volumes on rhetoric - lived under tyrant after Cicero, not as brave - defined rhetoric as the good man sp