Test Bank for Concepts of Genetics 4th Edition By-stamped

Version 1 1 Test Bank for Concepts of Genetics 4th Edition By Robert Brooker Version 1 2 Student name:__________ 1) The basic unit of heredity is the ___________. A) individual B) gene C) macromolecule D) trait 2) A variation of a gene is called a(n) _______. A) species B) morph C) genome D) allele E) proteome 3) Which of the following acts to accelerate chemical reactions in a cell? A) nucleic acids B) lipids C) carbohydrates D) enzymes Version 1 3 4) The building blocks of DNA are _____________. A) amino acids B) carbohydrates C) enzymes D) nucleotides E) lipids 5) A cellular structure that contains genetic information is called a ___________. A) nucleotide B) genetic code C) chromosome D) nucleic acid 6) If a carbohydrate is going to be broken down for energy, which of the following molecules would be directly involved in the breakdown? A) enzymes B) nucleotides C) microtubules D) lipids E) chromosomes 7) RNA is formed by the process of _____________. Version 1 4 A) transcription B) translation C) both transcriptionand translation 8) A characteristic that an organism displays is called __________. A) a gene B) a chromosome C) DNA D) geneexpression E) a trait 9) If a geneticist is studying the prevalence of a trait in a species, they are at the _________ level of study. A) population B) organismal C) cellular D) molecular 10) The study of the processes of transcription and translation is at the _____ level of biological organization. Version 1 5 A) population B) organismal C) cellular D) molecular 11) Genetic variation is ultimately based upon which of the following? A) morphological differences B) variations in nucleotide sequence of the DNA C) carbohydrate content of the cell D) translation 12) A species that contains two copies of each chromosome is called _______. A) a geneticmutation B) a morph C) haploid D) diploid E) alleles 13) A diploid cell within an organism's body that is not a reproductive cell is _______. Version 1 6 A) a gamete B) a somatic cell C) an allele D) rare E) a sperm cell 14) In many organisms, one set of chromosomes comes from the maternal parent, while the other set comes from the paternal parent. Similar chromosomes in these sets are said to be _________. A) morphs B) alleles C) haploid D) homologs E) physiologicaltraits 15) In humans, gametes are different than other cells of the body in that they are _________. A) diploid B) haploid C) geneticmutations D) morphs 16) What is natural selection? Version 1 7 A) When nongenetically based traits are passed from one generation to the next B) A process that allows traits to remain the same over many generations C) A process in whichenvironmental constraints enable some phenotypes to be more successful than others D) When one phenotype is as successful as all other phenotypes 17) _______ is the use of the information in gene sequences to synthesize functional proteins that affect cellular characteristics. A) Loss-of-functionmutation B) Geneexpression C) The human genomeproject D) Proteomics 18) The differences in inherited traits among individuals in a population are called _______. A) speciesvariation B) genetic mutations C) geneticvariation D) naturalselection 19) Three populations of an organism, each with drastically different external markings, but still members of the same species, would be called _______. Version 1 8 A) homologs B) mutants C) communities D) alleles E) morphs 20) Which one of the following is NOT one of the general classes of macromolecules that are necessary for cellular function? A) nucleic acids B) proteins C) ions D) carbohydrates E) lipids 21) The changes in the genetic makeup of a population over time is called _______. A) homologousrecombination B) model organismsstudies C) geneticcrosses D) biologicalevolution E) hypothesistesting 22) Which of the following could be used to study the effects of drugs on gene expression? Version 1 9 A) population genetics B) transmission genetics C) molecular genetics D) quantitative genetics 23) Which of the following uses a genetic cross to determine patterns of inheritance? A) population genetics B) transmission genetics C) molecular genetics D) evolutionary genetics 24) The traits of an individual organism can be influenced by both genes and the ______. A) genome B) environment C) population size D) genetic variation within a population 25) Most cellular characteristics,such as structure and function, are the result ofthe synthesis and activity of different ______. Version 1 10 A) DNA B) carbohydrates C) lipids D) proteins 26) Genetics is an experimental, as opposed to theoretical, science because ______. A) hypotheses are tested byperformingexperiments B) hypotheses are tested by reviewing the literature to see what others have found C) no hypotheses are accepted or rejected unless they are voted on by a council of scientists D) it does not rely on observations but only hypothesis testing experiments 27) Performing a mating of two plants, one with a known genotype and the other with an unknown genotype, to determine the genotype of the individual with the unknown genotype would be an example what type of science? A) discovery-based science B) hypothesis testing C) unethical experimentation D) an impossible experiment 28) What is the first step that both scientists and students perform to answer questions in genetics? Version 1 11 A) Gathering background information B) Reaching a conclusion C) Analyzing data D) Performing an experiment 29) Mice have 20 chromosomes in their sperm cells. How many chromosomes does a somatic cell from a mouse contain? A) 20 B) 40 C) 10 D) 80 30) Chronic myelogenous leukemia cells are characterized by the so-called Philadelphia chromosome, which contains part of chromosome 22 fused with chromosome 9. The Philadelphia chromosome is the result of a translocation, in which two chromosomes exchange material. The genetic variation found in chronic myelogenous leukemia is therefore due to A) gene mutations. B) major alterations in the structure of a chromosome. C) variation in the total number of chromosomes. 31) You work in a lab. You engineer a mutant mouse that doesn't synthesize a protein important for breakdown of the sugar galactose and study the results. What type of geneticist are you? Version 1 12 A) Transmission geneticist B) Molecular geneticist C) Population geneticist D) Proteome geneticist 32) Ball pythons of the same species can look very different from one another. In fact, there are at least 26 types of ball pythons, characterized by their color, eyes, and markings. The blueeyed leucistic ball python has blue eyes and white scales. The bumblebee ball python has black and yellow scales. The coral glow ball python has purple and orange scales. What term best describes these different types of pythons? A) Morphs B) Alleles C) Homologs D) Model organisms 33) You are a geneticist trying to understand why Tay-Sachs disease is more prevalent in Ashkenazi Jews compared to other groups of people. What level of biological organization are you studying? A) Molecular level B) Cellular level C) Organism level D) Population level Version 1 13 Answer Key Test name: Chapter 01 Test Bank 1) B 2) D 3) D 4) D 5) C 6) A 7) A 8) E 9) A 10) D 11) B 12) D Version 1 14 13) B 14) D 15) B 16) C 17) B 18) C 19) E 20) C 21) D 22) C 23) B 24) B 25) D 26) A Version 1 15 27) B 28) A 29) B 30) B 31) B 32) A 33) D Version 1 1 Student name:__________ 1) Select traits associated with prokaryotic cells. Check all that apply. A) Genetic information is contained within a nucleoid region. B) Genetic material is organized as a single circular chromosome. C) They have a cell wall surrounding their plasma membrane. D) They have membrane-bound organelles in their cytoplasm. 2) Select the cells that are eukaryotic. Check all that apply. A) bacteria B) fungi C) protists D) plants E) animals 3) Select the phases that are part of interphase. Check all that apply. A) G1 phase B) G2 phase C) S phase D) Metaphase 4) Select the characteristics that are true of restriction points. Check all that apply. A) An example is the restriction point that occurs in the G1 phase. B) In many cases, molecular changes must be present at this point for the cell to continue through the cell cycle. C) Cells passing this point are committed to the next stage of the cell cycle. D) Cells passing this point can reverse to an earlier phase of the cell cycle. Version 1 2 5) Cytokinesis in animals occurs through the formation of a ______, whereas in plants a ______ forms. A) cleavage furrow; cell plate B) cell plate; cleavage furrow C) cleavage furrow; kinetochore D) kinetochore; cell plate 6) Organelles are __________. A) structures thatcontain the genetic material B) membrane-boundcompartments of eukaryotic cells C) the region thatcontains the DNA in prokaryotic cells D) the outer, rigidcovering of a prokaryotic cell 7) A cytogeneticist would primarily do which of the following? A) study the distribution of traits in a population B) study the evolutionary changes in a specific trait C) examine chromosomes using a karyotype D) determine the genetic sequence of a specific gene 8) A karyotype is a(n) __________. A) organelle ofeukaryotic cells B) stage of prophaseI in meiosis C) division of thecytoplasmic material following mitosis D) photographicrepresentation of the chromosomes of a cell Version 1 3 9) During sexual reproduction, each parent contributes one set of chromosomes. Similar chromosomes from each parent are called __________. A) karyotypes B) sisterchromatids C) homologs D) sexchromosomes 10) Which of the following would contain genetic material that is 100% identical? A) homologous chromosomes B) sister chromatids C) X and Y chromosomes D) All of these choicesare identical. 11) The location of a gene on a chromosome is called its _____________. A) karyotype B) allele C) locus D) homolog 12) Cell division in prokaryotic cells is called ________, while in eukaryotic cells it is called ________. Version 1 4 A) binary fission; binary fission B) binary fission; mitosis C) mitosis; mitosis D) mitosis; binary fission 13) The process of binary fission is primarily used for asexual reproduction in ___________. A) prokaryotes B) eukaryotes 14) During this phase of the cell cycle, the sister chromatids are formed in eukaryotes. A) G 1 phase B) G 2 phase C) S phase D) Prophase E) Cytokinesis 15) Select the phase when chromosomes start to condense. A) Metaphase B) Prometaphase C) Telophase D) Anaphase E) Prophase 16) Select the phase when sister chromatids separate and move towards opposite poles of the cell. Version 1 5 A) Metaphase B) Prometaphase C) Telophase D) Anaphase E) Prophase 17) Select the phase during which the centrosomes move to opposite poles of the cell. A) Metaphase B) Prometaphase C) Telophase D) Anaphase E) Prophase 18) Select the phase when the chromosomes line up in the center of the cell. A) Metaphase B) Prometaphase C) Telophase D) Anaphase E) Prophase 19) Select the phase when the nuclear membrane starts to disassociate. A) Metaphase B) Prometaphase C) Telophase D) Anaphase E) Prophase Version 1 6 20) Select the phase when the nuclear membrane re-forms around the chromosomes. A) Metaphase B) Prometaphase C) Telophase D) Anaphase E) Prophase 21) Select the phase when the microtubules of the mitotic spindle attach to the kinetochores. A) Metaphase B) Prometaphase C) Telophase D) Anaphase E) Prophase 22) Select the phase when the separated sister chromatids are considered independent chromosomes. A) Metaphase B) Prometaphase C) Telophase D) Anaphase E) Prophase 23) Which of the following indicates the correct order of these events? Version 1 7 A) Anaphase -Telophase - Prophase - Prometaphase - Metaphase B) Telophase -Prometaphase - Prophase - Metaphase - Anaphase C) Metaphase -Prometaphase - Prophase - Anaphase - Telophase D) Prophase -Prometaphase - Metaphase - Anaphase - Telophase 24) In animals, somatic cells are ________ and gametes are __________. A) diploid; diploid B) diploid; haploid C) haploid; diploid D) haploid; haploid 25) If the gametes of an organism are different morphologically, they are said to be __________. A) isogamous B) heterogamous C) diploid D) haploid 26) The general purpose of the synaptonemal complex is to __________. A) provide a linkbetween homologous chromosomes in meiosis B) enable thereformation of the cell wall during cytokinesis C) separate thesister chromatids during anaphase D) independentlyassort the chromosomes during metaphase of meiosis 27) Which of the following occurs during leptotene of prophase I? Version 1 8 A) The homologous chromosomes recognize one another by synapsis. B) Crossing over occurs. C) The replicated chromosomes condense. D) The synaptonemal complex dissociates. 28) A bivalent contains how many sister chromatids? A) 2 B) 4 C) 8 D) depends on the cell 29) When does crossing over occur? A) During diplotene B) Prior to leptotene, when synapsis is complete C) Prior to pachytene, when synapsis is complete D) Prior to pachytene, before synapsis is complete E) Prior to leptotene, before synapsis is complete 30) The bivalent structure forms during which of the following? A) leptotene B) zygotene C) pachytene D) diplotene E) diakinesis Version 1 9 31) Which of the following represents the correct order of events during prophase I? A) Pachytene - diplotene - diakinesis - leptotene - zygotene B) Leptotene - zygotene - pachytene - diplotene - diakinesis C) Zygotene - leptotene - pachytene - diakinesis - diplotene D) Diplotene - pachytene - leptotene - diakinesis - zygotene 32) The physical structure that is formed when two chromatids cross over is called a(n) _______. A) synaptonemal complex B) bivalent C) karyotype D) chiasma 33) If an organism has five pairs of chromosomes, how many chromosomal combinations are possible at metaphase I of meiosis? A) 5 2 B) 10 5 C) 5 10 D) 2 5 34) The end result of meiosis in animals is ______. Version 1 10 A) two diploidcells B) two haploidcells C) four diploidcells D) four haploidcells 35) The process of meiosis II is similar to that of __________. A) mitosis B) binaryfission C) meiosis I 36) Oogenesis is a gametogenic process in which cells undergo ________ to produce _______. A) binary fission; sperm cells B) mitosis; egg cells C) meiosis; egg cells D) meiosis; sperm cells E) mitosis; sperm cells 37) In plants, the haploid generation is called the ______ and the diploid generation is called the __________. A) sporophyte; spermatogenesis B) gametophyte; sporophyte C) sporophyte; gametophyte D) oogenesis; gametophyte Version 1 11 38) In plants, spore production occurs by A) spermatogenesis B) meiosis C) mitosis D) binaryfission E) oogenesis 39) A pollen grain in a plant represents the ________. A) male gametophyte B) female gametophyte C) male sporophyte D) female sporophyte 40) Which type of microtubule is paired to its correct function? A) polar microtubules - attach to the kinetochore B) aster microtubules - position the spindle apparatus C) kinetochore microtubules - separate the poles 41) During sexual reproduction, gametes are made that contain ______ amount of genetic material as a somatic cell in the organism. A) twice the B) half the C) the same D) a quarter of the Version 1 12 42) Genes are physically located within ______. A) chromosomes B) centrosomes C) kinetochores D) microtubules 43) A diploid cell in G 1contains 5 pairs of chromosomes. During mitosis, how many chromosomes will be lined up on the metaphase plate in this cell? A) 5 B) 10 C) 15 D) 20 44) A primary spermatocyte contains 8 total chromosomes. What will be the composition of the chromosomes in one of the secondary spermatocytes that results from this primary spermatocyte? A) 8 unduplicated chromosomes B) 4 chromosomes, each containing 2 sister chromatids joined at the centromere C) 8 chromosomes, each containing 2 sister chromatids joined at the centromere D) 4 unduplicated chromosomes 45) A cell from an organism that has a diploid number of 6 chromosomes has 3 chromosomes lined up in the center the cell, each chromosome containing two joined sister chromatids. What phase of the cell cycle is this cell in? Version 1 13 A) metaphase I of meiosis B) metaphase II of meiosis C) metaphase of mitosis D) telophase I of meiosis 46) A species has a diploid number of 36. If meiosis didn't occur, and gametes were produced by mitosis, each gamete would contain ______ chromosomes, and a fertilized egg would contain ______ chromosome. A) 36; 72 B) 36; 36 C) 18; 36 D) 72; 144 47) What is the arrangement of chromosomes in an oocyte in a female mammal at birth if the species has a diploid number of 20? Hint: Recall which phase of the cell cycle oocytes are arrested at in a female animal prior to birth. A) 20 chromosomes, each with two sister chromatids B) 10 chromosomes, each with two sister chromatids C) 20 unduplicated chromosomes D) 10 unduplicated chromosomes Version 1 14 Answer Key Test name: Chapter 02 Test Bank 1) [A, B, C] 2) [B, C, D, E] 3) [A, B, C] 4) [A, B, C] 5) A 6) B 7) C 8) D 9) C 10) B 11) C 12) B 13) A 14) C 15) E 16) D 17) B 18) A 19) E 20) C 21) B 22) D 23) D 24) B 25) B 26) A Version 1 15 27) C 28) B 29) C 30) B 31) B 32) D 33) D 34) D 35) A 36) C 37) B 38) B 39) A 40) B 41) B 42) A 43) B 44) B 45) B 46) A 47) A Version 1 1 Student name:__________ 1) Which of the following traits were studied by Mendel? Check all that apply. A) flower color B) seed color C) pod color D) pollen color E) plant height 2) Choose all statements that constitute key tenets of the chromosome theory of inheritance. A) Chromosomes are copies of the genetic material that are used to make proteins and are then destroyed. B) Chromosomes contain the genetic material. C) Chromosomes are contributed by the maternal parent only. D) Chromosomes are replicated and transmitted during inheritance and during development. E) Most cells are diploid, with two copies of each chromosome. F) Gametes contain two copies of each chromosome so there is a backup copy if one is damaged. G) During gamete formation, chromosomes segregate independently. H) Each parent contributes one complete set of chromosomes. I) Certain chromosomes are linked together, so that genes that work together are transmitted together. 3) The use of crosses between different strains of pea plants was not the first attempt to explainheredity. The theory of pangenesis was first proposed by ________. A) Aristotle B) Galen C) Mendel D) Hippocrates E) None of these choicesare correct. Version 1 2 4) Mendel's data from single-factor crosses did not support a blending mechanism of inheritance. Which of the following is correct regarding the blending theory of inheritance? A) It theorizedthat hereditary traits blended from one generation to the next. B) It was possible for the blending to change the trait from one generation to the next. C) It was supported by early research of tobacco plants by Joseph Kölreuter. D) It was the prevailing theory of inheritance prior to Mendel. E) All of these choicesare correct. 5) Mendel's work was rediscovered in 1900 by which of the following individual(s)? A) Carl Correns B) Erich von Tschermak C) Hugo de Vries D) All of these choicesare correct. 6) Which of the following characteristics made the pea plant Pisum sativum an ideal organism for Mendel's studies? A) It has the ability to self-fertilize. B) It was possible to cross-fertilize one plant with another. C) It has easily identifiable traits. D) All of these choicesare correct. 7) The anthers represent the _____ portion of the plant; the ovules represent the ____ portion of the plant. Version 1 3 A) female; male B) male; female C) female; female D) male; male 8) When studying a genetic cross, the second generation following the initial cross is identified by which of the following? A) P generation B) F 1 generation C) F 2 generation D) F 3 generation E) P 3 generation 9) A true-breeding line of green pod pea plants is crossed with a true-breeding line of yellow pod plants. All of their offspring have green pods. From this information, it can be stated that the green color is _____ to the yellow color. A) recessive B) dominant C) subservient D) blended E) None of these choicesare correct. 10) What theory did Mendel's work with monohybrid crosses support? A) blending theory of inheritance B) particulate theory of inheritance C) chromosomal theory of inheritance D) pangenesis Version 1 4 11) What resulted from Mendel's work with single-factor crosses? A) law of segregation B) law of independent assortment C) theory of natural selection D) law of biological evolution 12) When Mendel crossed two plants that were heterozygous for a single trait, what was the phenotypic ratio of their offspring? A) 1:2:1 B) 9:3:3:1 C) 3:1 D) 7:4 E) Varied depending on the trait 13) When Mendel crossed two plants that were heterozygous for a single trait, what was the genotypic ratio of their offspring? A) 1:2:1 B) 9:3:3:1 C) 3:1 D) 1:1 E) Varied depending on the trait 14) An individual who has two identical alleles for a trait is said to be ___________. Version 1 5 A) homozygous B) heterozygous C) isozygous D) a variant 15) The genetic composition of an individual is called its _____________. A) phenotype B) genotype C) hybrid D) dominance E) None of these choicesare correct. 16) The observable characteristics of an organism are called its ___________. A) phenotype B) genotype C) dominance D) genes E) None of these choicesare correct. 17) An individual who has two different alleles for a trait is called ____________. A) haploid B) homozygous C) heterozygous D) isozygous E) true-breeding Version 1 6 18) In a Punnett square diagram, the outside of the box represents the _________. A) diploidoffspring B) haploidoffspring C) diploidgametes D) haploidgametes 19) Mendel's work with two-factor crosses led directly to which of the following? A) chromosomal theory of inheritance B) particulate theory of inheritance C) law of segregation D) law of independent assortment E) theory of biological evolution 20) In a two-factor cross using Mendelian inheritance, if both parents are heterozygous for both traits, what will be the phenotypic ratio of their offspring? A) 3:1 B) 1:2:1 C) 1:1 D) 9:3:3:1 21) If a Punnett square is used to visualize a three-factor cross between two parents that are both heterozygous for all three genes involved, how many boxes would be inside of the square? Version 1 7 A) 3 B) 8 C) 48 D) 64 E) can't be determined 22) In humans, patterns of inheritance are often studied using which of the following? A) two-factor crosses B) production of true-breeding lines C) pedigree analysis D) self-fertilization 23) The chance that a future event will occur is called ____________. A) probability B) goodness offit C) degrees offreedom D) randomselection E) All of these choicesare correct. 24) A coin is flipped 100 times, with a result of 53 heads and 47 tails. The deviation between the observed numbers and the expected 50-50 results is called _________. A) probability B) degrees offreedom C) goodness offit D) random samplingerror E) standarderror Version 1 8 25) Which of the following would be used to determine the probability of three independent events in order? A) sum rule B) product rule C) chi square test D) binomial expansion E) random sampling error 26) A couple would like to know what the probability is that out of five children, three will be girls. This is solved using which of the following? A) sum rule B) product rule C) chi square test D) binomial expansion E) random sampling error 27) Recall that in pea plants, purple flower color is dominant and white is recessive. If two heterozygous plants are crossed, what is the probability that the first two offspring will have purple flowers? A) 1/2 B) 1/4 C) 6/4 D) 9/16 E) 1/16 28) In a genetic cross, there are n classes of data. What would the degrees of freedom be for a chi square test on this data? Version 1 9 A) n B) n + 1 C) n - 1 D) 2 n + 1 E) x( n) where x equals the number of individuals in the cross 29) The likelihood that the variation of observed data from expectations is due to random chance is called the _________. A) P value B) goodness offit C) degrees offreedom D) empiricalapproach 30) In the biological sciences, the hypothesis is usually rejected if the P value is _____. A) greater than1 B) less than0.30 C) less than0.95 D) less than0.05 E) less than 1 31) Mendel'sdata and the study of chromosomes and meiosis did not support the idea of _______, which is the belief that seeds are produced by all parts of the body and transmitted to the next generation. Version 1 10 A) the chromosome theory of inheritance B) pangenesis C) the blending theory of inheritance D) the law of segregation E) the law of independent assortment 32) If two individuals with different distinct characteristics are mated, their offspring is called a _______. A) strain B) true-breedingline C) gamete D) cross E) hybrid 33) If over several generations a character does not vary in a group of organisms, that group can be called a _______. A) heterozygote B) hybrid C) true-breedingline D) variant E) cross-fertilizedline 34) A cross in which a researcher investigates the patterns of inheritance of a single trait is called a _______. Version 1 11 A) monohybrid cross B) multi-factor cross C) two-factorcross D) cross-fertilization E) self-fertilization 35) A specific version of a gene is called a(n) ______. A) trait B) character C) gamete D) allele E) variant 36) In a genetic cross, the _______ represent offspring with genetic combinations that were not found in the parental lines. A) P generation B) nonrecombinants C) parentals D) nonparentals 37) The study of family trees in humans is called a _______ analysis. A) pedigree B) monohybrid C) factorial D) statistical E) probability Version 1 12 38) Statistical analysis determines the _______ between observed data and what was expected from the original hypothesis. A) testcross B) degrees offreedom C) P values D) completehypothesis E) goodness offit 39) Mendel's law of independent assortment states that ______ randomly assort their ______ during the formation of haploid cells. A) genes; alleles B) alleles; versions C) cells; mitochondria D) genes; nucleotides 40) Which situation below would violate the law of independent assortment, as understood by Mendel? A) A plant breeder is able to create a true-breeding line that combines the alleles for white flowers and wrinkled peas. B) A mutant gene can prevent pod formation altogether, thus preventing expression of the round or wrinkled pea alleles. C) A gene for petal color does not affect the expression of a gene for petal number. D) A gene for leaf shape is linked to a gene for petal number nearby on the same chromosome, so their alleles usually segregate together. E) Combining certain alleles of different genes results in a plant that grows poorly. 41) What aspect of meiosis best explains Mendel's law of segregation? Version 1 13 A) selective removal of genetic information to create haploid gametes B) separation of homologous chromosomes during Meiosis I C) random alignment of different bivalents during Meiosis I D) transmission of genes together when they lie nearby on the same chromosome E) separation of identical alleles duringMeiosis II 42) What aspect of meiosis best explains Mendel's law of independent assortment? A) selective removal of genetic information to create haploid gametes B) separation of homologous chromosomes during Meiosis I C) random alignment of different bivalents during Meiosis I D) transmission of genes together when they lie nearby on the same chromosome E) separation of identical alleles duringMeiosis II 43) In a certain family pedigree, you observe that 7 of a couple's 12 children display a disease trait. In the subsequent generation, some of the children of affected individuals have the disease, but none of the children of two unaffected parents do. You conclude that the disease is caused by a ______ allele. A) recessive B) dominant C) redundant D) wild-type 44) To determine the genotype of a pea plant with purple flowers it was crossed with a pea plant with white flowers. Half of the offspring exhibited the dominant purple flower while the other half had white flowers. What was the genotype of the parental pea plant with the purple flowers? Version 1 14 A) heterozygous B) homozygous dominant C) homozygous recessive D) can’t be determined 45) Consider the pedigree shown. What can best explain the expression of the trait in individual IV-1? ©McGraw-Hill Education A) The trait is recessive, and both II-2 and III-3 were heterozygous carriers. B) The trait is dominant, and both III-3 and III-4 were heterozygous. C) The trait is dominant, and IV-1 received the allele from III-4. D) The trait is recessive but only expressed in males. E) The trait is recessive, and both II-1 and II-2 were heterozygous carriers. Version 1 15 46) Consider a tree in which in thick trunk ( T) is dominant to a skinny trunk ( t), back bark ( B) is dominant to brown bark ( b) and round leaves ( R) are dominant to oval leaves ( r). You cross a tree that is heterozygous for all three traits to a tree that is homozygous recessive for all three traits. Using the forked line method or the multiplication method, calculate what fraction of the offspring will have a thick trunk, black bark, and round leaves. A) 1/4 B) 1/2 C) 1/8 D) 1/16 47) In a certain species of plants, red flowers ( R) are dominant to pink flowers ( r) and round leaves ( L) are dominant to oval leaves ( l). A plant with red flowers and round leaves is crossed to a plant with pink flowers and oval leaves. In the F 1 generation, all of the plants have red flowers, but half of the plants have round leaves and half have oval leaves. What can we conclude about the parental plant with red flowers and round leaves? A) The genotype of the plant with red flowers and round leaves is RRll. B) The genotype of the plant with red flowers and round leaves is RRLL. C) The genotype of the plant with red flowers and round leaves is RrLl. D) The genotype of the plant with red flowers and round leaves is RRLl. E) The genotype of the plant with red flowers and round leaves is RrLL. 48) Consider a bird in which a high-pitched song ( H) is dominant to a low-pitched song ( h). You cross two birds that are heterozygous for the gene for song pitch. Predict the genotypes and phenotypes of the offspring. A) 1/4 HH: 1/2 Hh: 1/4 hh;3/4 high-pitched song: 1/4 low-pitched song B) 1/2 HH: 1/2hh;1/2high-pitched song: 1/2low-pitched song C) 1/4 HH: 1/2 Hh: 1/4 hh;1/2 high-pitched song: 1/2low-pitched song D) All Hh; Allhigh-pitched song Version 1 16 49) Mendel's work on inheritance had an immediate influence on the scientific community and theories of inheritance. ⊚ true ⊚ false 50) Differences in plant characteristics such as flower color or height are called variants or traits. ⊚ true ⊚ false 51) The chi square test is used to prove that a hypothesis is correct. ⊚ true ⊚ false Version 1 17 Answer Key Test name: Chapter 03 Test Bank 1) [A, B, C, E] 2) [B, D, E, G, H] 3) D 4) E 5) D 6) D 7) B 8) C 9) B 10) B 11) A 12) C 13) A 14) A 15) B 16) A 17) C 18) D 19) D 20) D 21) D 22) C 23) A 24) D 25) B 26) D Version 1 18 27) D 28) C 29) A 30) D 31) B 32) E 33) C 34) A 35) D 36) D 37) A 38) E 39) A 40) D 41) B 42) C 43) B 44) A 45) A 46) C 47) D 48) A 49) FALSE 50) TRUE 51) FALSE Version 1 1 Student name:__________ 1) In which of the following organisms is the level of X chromosome expression altered in males? A) mammals B) Drosophila C) C. elegans D) humans 2) Who originally identified a highly condensed structure in the interphase of nuclei? A) Lyon B) Barr andBertram C) Ohno 3) The product of the Xist gene is a(n) ______. A) protein B) RNA C) small molecule D) DNA 4) What gene is most responsible for X-inactivation? A) Xic B) Xist C) TsiX D) Xce Version 1 2 5) How many Barr bodies would an individual with a XXY genotype possess? A) 0 B) 1 C) 2 6) The coat color of calico cats is a result of _____. A) maternalinheritance B) X-inactivation C) imprinting D) extra nuclearinheritance 7) The Lyon hypothesis attempts to explain the molecular mechanism of _____. A) X-inactivation B) genomicimprinting C) maternalinheritance D) extra nuclearinheritance 8) Dosage compensation offsets the problems associated with differences in the number of _______ chromosomes in many species. A) sex B) autosome C) somatic D) nuclear Version 1 3 9) The genetic control of X-inactivation is governed by a short region on the X chromosome called the _______. A) Y-inactivationcenter (Yic) B) condensationcenter C) X-inactivationcenter (Xic) D) X-initiationcenter 10) In humans, which sex is considered to be the heterogametic sex? A) male B) female 11) In a Z-W system, which is considered to be the homogametic sex? A) males B) females 12) A male that is produced from an unfertilized haploid egg is an example of what type of sex determination system? A) X-Y B) Z-W C) X-O D) haplo-diploid Version 1 4 13) The first person to experimentally determine that a trait is located on a specific chromosome was ____________. A) Mendel B) Boveri and Sutton C) Weissman D) Morgan 14) If a gene is located on the X chromosome, but not the Y, it is said to be an example of ________. A) autosomalinheritance B) sex-linkage C) reciprocalcross D) pseudoautosomalinheritance E) holandric 15) A testcross A) is used todetermine if an organism that is displaying a recessive trait is heterozygousor homozygous for that trait. B) results in the F2generation having a phenotypic ratio of 1/2 dominant to 1/2 recessive. C) is used when anindividual with a dominant phenotype and unknown genotype is crossed to anindividual with a recessive phenotype. D) results inoffspring that always display the recessive phenotype. 16) Sex determination in humans and Drosophila is similar in the fact that Version 1 5 A) the ratio of Xchromosomes to sets of autosomes determines maleness or femaleness in both. B) males in both willalways have one Y chromosome, whereas females will not have a Y chromosome. C) females lack X chromosomes. D) males have one X chromosome and females have two X chromosomes. 17) An example of a mechanism in which sex is determined by environmental factors is A) females are produced from fertilized eggs, whereas males are produced fromunfertilized eggs. B) when the male cares for the eggs, all of the offspring will be male, whereasif the female cares for the eggs, all of the offspring will be female. C) fertilized eggsincubated at one temperature produce males, whereas eggs incubated at adifferenttemperature produce females. D) males will have a Y chromosome, whereas females will not have a Ychromosome. 18) A human individual has a karyotype that is XY but is phenotypically female. An explanation for this could be A) a deletion of the SRY gene on the Y chromosome, thus resulting in an female phenotype. B) a translocation of the SRY gene to one of the X chromosomes has occurred, thus resulting in a female phenotype. C) the SRY gene has been amplified 10 fold on the Y chromosome. D) sex is determinedby genes located on autosomes, not sex chromosomes. 19) Brown spotting of the teeth in humans is caused by a dominant X-linked gene.If a man with normal teeth marries a woman with brown teeth who had a father with normal teeth, then _______ of their daughters will have brown teeth. Version 1 6 A) 100% B) 50% C) 25% D) 0% 20) Red-green colorblindness is a X-linked recessive trait in humans. If a woman who is a carrier for red-green colorblindness marries a normal male, what percent of their sons will be colorblind? A) 100% B) 50% C) 25% D) 0% 21) Pseudoautosomal inheritance occurs when A) a gene on anautosome is silenced by inactivation. B) a gene on a Y chromosome has the same inheritance pattern as a gene on an X chromosome. C) a gene on anautosome has the same inheritance pattern as a gene on a sex chromosome. D) a gene on a sexchromosome has the same inheritance pattern as a gene on an autosome. 22) X-linked hypophosphatemia (XLH) is an X-linked dominant disease that results in weak or soft bones. A girl with XLH has a dad with XLH. Her mother does not have XLH. What is the probability that her sisters will have XLH? What about her brothers? Version 1 7 A) All of her sisters and none of her brothers will have XLH. B) All of her brothers and none of her sisters will have XLH. C) 50% of her brothers and sisters will have XLH. D) None of her brothers or sisters will have XLH. E) All of her brothers and sisters will have XLH. 23) In certain birds, feather color is Z-linked, and green coloring is dominant to purple coloring. A purple feathered male mates with a green feathered female. Predict the phenotypic ratios in their offspring. A) Half of the offspring will be green females and the other half will be purple males. B) Half of the offspring will be purple females and the other half will be green males. C) 1/4 of the progeny will be green females, 1/4 green males, 1/4 purple females, and 1/4 purple males. D) All of the progeny will be green. 24) Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency (G6PDD) is an X-linked recessive disease. What is the probability that the brother of a girl with G6PDD will also have G6PDD if their mother is unaffected. A) 0% B) 25% C) 50% D) 100% 25) Flowering plants will produce flowers that are dioecious, meaning that the male and female parts are contained within the same flower. ⊚ true ⊚ false Version 1 8 26) With rare exceptions, a calico cat is likely to be female. ⊚ true ⊚ false Version 1 9 Answer Key Test name: Chapter 04 Test Bank 1) B 2) B 3) B 4) B 5) B 6) B 7) A 8) A 9) C 10) A 11) A 12) D 13) D 14) B 15) C 16) D 17) C 18) A 19) B 20) B 21) D 22) A 23) B 24) C 25) FALSE 26) TRUE Version 1 10 Version 1 1 Student name:__________ 1) Genes that are not required for survival, but are likely to be beneficial to the organism, are called _________. A) essential genes B) lethal alleles C) semilethalalleles D) nonessentialgenes E) conditional lethalalleles 2) Alleles that cause death in a certain temperature range are examples of _________. A) essential genes B) lethal alleles C) semilethalalleles D) nonessentialgenes E) conditional lethalalleles 3) The alleles that cause Huntington disease in humans are an example of ____________. A) essentialgenes B) lethal alleles C) semilethalalleles D) nonessentialgenes E) sex linked allele 4) A heterozygote possesses a phenotype that is intermediate between the homozygous dominant and homozygous recessive phenotypes. This is most likely an example of ________. Version 1 2 A) lethal alleles B) incompletedominance C) gene dosage D) sex-influencedinheritance 5) In four-o'clock plants, red flower color is dominant to white flower color. However, heterozygous plants have a pink color. If a pink-flowered plant is crossed with a white-flowered plant, what will be the phenotypic ratios of their offspring? A) ¼ red, ½ pink, ¼ white B) all pink C) all white D) ½ pink, ½ white E) ½ red, ½ pink 6) In rabbits, full coat color (C  ) is the dominant trait. A second allele, chinchilla (c ch ), is recessive to full coat color. Himalayan coat color (c h ) is recessive to chinchilla and full coat colors, and albino (c ) is recessive to all coat colors. If two chinchilla rabbits mate, what coat color is not possible in their offspring? A) full coat color B) chinchilla coat color C) himalayan coat color D) albino coat color E) All coat colors are possible. 7) In human blood groups, the fact that an individual can have an AB blood type is an example of ___________. Version 1 3 A) incompletedominance B) incompletepenetrance C) sex-influencedtrait D) temperature-sensitive conditional allele E) codominance 8) An individual with type A blood and an individual with type B blood mate and have offspring. What blood type is not possible in their offspring? A) type O blood B) type A blood C) type B blood D) type AB blood E) All blood types are possible. 9) At the molecular level, type A and type B blood differ in which of the following characteristics? A) the antigens present on the surface of the red blood cells B) the type of sugar found in each type C) the antibodies that are generated against the other type of blood D) All of these choicesare correct. 10) For a certain trait, a heterozygous individual has a selective advantage over a homozygous dominant or homozygous recessive individual. This is called ________. Version 1 4 A) codominance B) incompletedominance C) overdominance D) incompletepenetrance E) multiple allelesystems 11) Sickle-cell disease in humans is an example of ______. A) codominance B) incompletepenetrance C) heterozygote advantage D) sex-limited resistance 12) At the molecular level, which of the following best explains heterozygous advantage and overdominance? A) A heterozygous individual can produce more varieties of homodimer proteins. B) The alleles produce two different proteins with slightly different functions. C) The proteins produced by the alleles may provide a broader range of environmental tolerance, such as temperature ranges. D) Infectious organisms may recognize only a specific functional protein. E) All of the answers are possibilities. 13) Polydactyly in humans is an example of __________. Version 1 5 A) sex-limited inheritance B) incompletedominance C) incompletepenetrance D) codominance E) gene dosage 14) If a geneticist describes a trait as being 70% penetrant, what would that mean? A) The expression of the trait varies by individual. B) It is lethal in 30% of the individuals who have the trait. C) Only 70% of the individuals who have a particular genotypeexpress the trait. D) The trait is present in 70% of the population. 15) The phenylketonuria phenotype in humans is an example of __________. A) incompletepenetrance B) codominance C) anenvironmental-influenced trait D) incompletedominance E) All of these choicesare correct. 16) If an allele is dominant in one sex and recessive in another, it is an example of ___________. A) sex-limitedinheritance B) sex-influencedinheritance C) incompletedominance D) simple Mendelianinheritance Version 1 6 17) A paralog ____________. A) is found forevery gene in mammals B) is only found onthe X but not the Y chromosome C) can explain thelack of phenotype for a gene knockout D) cannot bemutated E) has the same DNAsequence as the original duplicated gene 18) The interaction of two genes to produce a phenotype was first described by __________. A) Morgan and Bridges B) Mendel C) Darwin D) Bateson and Punnett E) None of these choicesare correct. 19) Epistasis is _______________. A) another term for overdominance B) when one gene canmask the expression of a second gene C) a trait that isonly expressed in one sex of the species D) when two dominantalleles can be expressed in the same individual E) None of these choicesare correct. 20) In a dihybrid cross of two heterozygous individuals, you expect a 9:3:3:1 phenotypic ratio in the offspring, but observe a ratio of 9:7. What is the most likely explanation? Version 1 7 A) codominance B) a sex-limited trait C) simple Mendelian inheritance D) incomplete penetrance E) epistatic interactions of the two genes 21) Which of the following is not correct concerning epistatic interactions? A) They are often associated with enzymatic pathways. B) They produce variations in the expected 9:3:3:1 ratio of a dihybrid cross. C) They can result when a gene at one locus masks the expression of a gene at a different locus. D) They always result in a 9:7 ratio of a dihybrid cross. E) They are due to gene interactions. 22) When wild-type offspring are produced from a cross between parents that both display the same recessive phenotype, this illustrates the genetic phenomenon of _______. A) simple recessivealleles B) incompletepenetrance C) complementation D) gene dosage E) a spontaneousmutation 23) The multiple effects of a single gene on the phenotype of an organism is called _______. Version 1 8 A) epistasis B) penetrance C) expressivity D) overdominance E) pleiotropy 24) A _______ allele typically encodes a protein that is made in the proper amount and functions normally. A) loss-of-function B) mutant C) wild-type D) gain-of-function E) lethal 25) In overdominance, the _______ genotype is beneficial over the _______ genotypes. A) heterozygous; homozygous B) homozygous; heterozygous C) homozygous dominant; homozygous recessive D) homozygous recessive; homozygous dominant E) incomplete dominant; codominant 26) In cattle, the scurs trait follows a sex-influenced pattern of inheritance.A heterozygous male has the _______ phenotype and a heterozygous female has a _______ phenotype. Version 1 9 A) scurs; scurs B) hornless; hornless C) hornless; scurs D) scurs; hornless 27) If a combination of two or more genes is required to produce a specific trait, it is called a(n) _______. A) overdominance B) simple Mendelian trait C) sex-influencedtrait D) sex-linkedtrait E) geneinteraction 28) Recall that scurs in cattle that exhibit sex-influenced inheritance. There are two alleles ScP , which represents scurs being presentand ScA ,which indicates scurs being absent. ScP is dominant in males and recessive in females. ScA is dominant in females and recessive in males. From a mating between a heterozygous male with scurs and a heterozygous female without scurs, what proportion of male offspring will lack scurs (be hornless)? A) 0% B) 25% C) 50% D) 75% E) 100% 29) An experiment in which plants with the same genotype are raised under conditions that differ in soil quality could evaluate _____. Version 1 10 A) the norm of reaction B) overdominance C) genetic polymorphisms D) gene interactions 30) ©McGraw-Hill Education Epistasis occurs when the alleles of one gene mask the phenotypic effects of the alleles of another gene at a different locus. This phenomenon can be observed in the sweet pea, Lathyrus odoratus: ● C (one purple-color-producing) allele is dominant to c (white) ● P (another purple-color-producing) allele is dominant to p (white) ● cc or pp masks the P or C alleles, producing white color Determine the genotypic and phenotypic ratios of a cross between a purple and white sweet pea above. A) 1 CcPP(purple) : 1 CCPp (purple) : 1 ccPP (white) : 1 ccPp(purple) B) 1 CCPP(purple) : 2 CCPp (purple) : 2 CcPP (purple) : 1 CCpp(white) : 4 CcPp (purple) : 2 Ccpp (white) : 1 ccPP(white) : 2 ccPp (white) : 1 ccpp (white) C) 1 CcPP (purple) : 1 CcPp (purple) : 1 ccPP (white) : 1 ccPp (white) D) 9 CCPP(purple) : 7 CCPp (purple) E) 9 CCPP (purple) : 3 CcPp (purple) : 3 ccPP (purple) : 1 ccpp (white) 31) You cross two dogs with an Irish spotting phenotype. Some of the progeny have the extreme-white phenotype. What were the genotypes of the parents? Version 1 11 A) s I s w and s w s w B) s I s I and s w s w C) s I s w and s I s w D) S + s I and s I s w 32) Hairlessness in dogs is inherited from a single dominant allele. Inheriting two dominant alleles is lethal for an embryo. Penelope, a hairless dog, mates with Arnold, a dog with hair. The probability Penelope will have hairless puppies is A) 3/4 B) 2/3 C) 1/4 D) 1/2 33) Several members of a family have polydactyly, and they differ in their numbers of extra fingers and toes. Yet, certain relatives who should have extra digits don't. An aunt has two children, a son with two extra fingers and a daughter with an extra toe. Also her father has an extra digit on each hand and foot. Polydactyly in this family is A) variably expressive and incompletely penetrant. B) invariably expressive and completely penetrant. C) pleiotropic. D) incompletely dominant. 34) A man who has normal hearing and a recessive deafness allele on chromosome 17 marries a woman who also has normal hearing and also has a recessive deafness allele, but this allele is on chromosome 3. The probability that their children will be deaf due to either of these mutated genes is closest to Version 1 12 A) 100%. B) 50%. C) 25%. D) 0%. 35) New research indicates that male-pattern baldness is a sex-linked trait in humans because of mutations of an androgen receptor gene on the X chromosome. ⊚ true ⊚ false 36) In an epistatic interaction, the genes must be located on the same chromosome. ⊚ true ⊚ false 37) Typically, a recessive allele increases the expression of a functional protein. ⊚ true ⊚ false 38) Incomplete dominance is an example of blending of phenotypes, not genotypes. ⊚ true ⊚ false 39) Human blood groups are determined by antigens on the surface of red blood cells. ⊚ true ⊚ false Version 1 13 40) Incomplete penetrance indicates that individuals who possess a dominant trait always express the trait. ⊚ true ⊚ false 41) Variable expressivity means that the phenotype of a trait can vary between individuals. ⊚ true ⊚ false 42) Paralogs are often functionally redundant and can compensate for the loss of either of the paralogs in a set. ⊚ true ⊚ false 43) Because loss-of-function alleles typically do not make a functional gene product, they usually follow the recessive allele inheritance pattern. ⊚ true ⊚ false 44) Because most lethal alleles are inheritedin a recessive manner, a cross between two heterozygous individuals could result in a 2:1 genotypic ratio in their surviving offspring. ⊚ true ⊚ false Version 1 14 Answer Key Test name: Chapter 05 Test Bank 1) D 2) E 3) B 4) B 5) D 6) A 7) E 8) E 9) D 10) C 11) C 12) E 13) C 14) C 15) C 16) B 17) C 18) D 19) B 20) E 21) D 22) C 23) E 24) C 25) A 26) D Version 1 15 27) E 28) B 29) A 30) C 31) C 32) D 33) A 34) D 35) TRUE 36) FALSE 37) FALSE 38) TRUE 39) TRUE 40) FALSE 41) TRUE 42) TRUE 43) TRUE 44) TRUE Version 1 1 Student name:__________ 1) Where does erasure and imprinting occur? A) nurse cells B) sperm cells C) oocytes D) somatic cells 2) Which of the following is primarily responsible for the maternal effect? A) sperm cells B) oocytes C) nurse cells D) placenta 3) What controls the coiling of shells in snail offspring? A) mother'sphenotype B) father'sphenotype C) mother'sgenotype D) father'sgenotype 4) What is the molecular mechanism for imprinting a gene? A) acetylation B) nitration C) phosphorylation D) methylation Version 1 2 5) What disease is associated with imprinting? A) Angelman Syndrome B) LHON C) Alzheimer's Disease 6) Where is extranuclear DNA located in mammalian cells? A) endoplasmic reticulum B) mitochondria C) ribosome D) plasma membrane 7) What type of inheritance is observed with extranuclear DNA? A) Mendelian inheritance B) Sex-linked inheritance C) Paternal inheritance D) Cytoplasmic inheritance 8) What is a disease associated with extranuclear inheritance? A) Angelman syndrome B) Tay-Sachs disease C) LHON D) Muscular dystrophy Version 1 3 9) Mitochondria are thought to have originated from ______, and chloroplasts likely arose from ______. A) cyanobacteria; tobacco mosaic virus B) purple bacteria; single-celled fungi C) purple bacteria; cyanobacteria D) single-celled fungi; tobacco mosaic virus 10) Who is largely responsible for proposing the endosymbiosis theory? A) Schimper and Wallin B) Haig and Schimper C) Wallin and Correns D) Haig and Correns 11) Monoallelic expression is associated with which of the following? A) X-inactivation B) genomic imprinting C) maternal inheritance D) extranuclear inheritance 12) Which of the following is true regarding mt genomes? A) They are approximately 17,000 bp in length in humans. B) They are linear. C) A single copy of the mt genome is found within the mitochondrial nucleus. D) They have all the genes necessary for mitochondrial function. Version 1 4 13) The inheritance of leaf pigmentation in the four-o'clock plant Mirabilis jalapa is an example of ____. A) maternaleffect B) maternalinheritance C) epigenetic inheritance D) imprinting 14) In maternal effect, the _______ of the mother determines the _______ of the offspring. A) chloroplast;mitochondria B) phenotype;genotype C) genotype;phenotype D) phenotype; sex E) methylation;inheritance 15) What is the type of inheritance that is based on a reversible modification of genomic DNA that results in the alleles of only one parent being transcriptionally active? A) maternal B) epigenetic C) cytoplasmic D) extranuclear E) mitochondrial 16) The molecular explanation for imprinting in mammals involves differential _______ of various DNA regions. Version 1 5 A) phosphorylation B) mutations C) endosymbiosis D) methylation E) heteroplasmy 17) The inheritance patterns of genetic material that is not contained in the nucleus of the cell is called _______. A) extranuclearinheritance B) cytoplasmicinheritance C) maternaleffect D) both extranuclearinheritance and cytoplasmic inheritance 18) Heteroplasmy is associated with inheritance patterns involving _______. A) ribosomes B) maternaleffect C) genomicimprinting D) nuclear genes E) chloroplasts 19) Contribution of mitochondria by the sperm cell to the zygote is called A) heteroplasmy. B) paternal leakage. C) genomic imprinting. D) paternal effect. E) endosymbiosis. Version 1 6 20) Diseases associated with mitochondria mutations in humans are usually A) paternally inherited. B) imprinted. C) fatal. D) very common. E) degenerative. 21) The symbiotic relationship where one organism lives inside another species is called A) endosymbiosis. B) genomic imprinting. C) cytoplasmic inheritance. D) heteroplasmy. E) exosymbiosis. 22) An example of genomic imprinting is A) Leber hereditary optic neuropathy. B) neurogenic muscleweakness. C) snail coiling inwater snails. D) Igf2expression in mice. E) bicoid gene in Drosophila. 23) A nurse cell is a cell that Version 1 7 A) lacks chloroplasts and mitochondria. B) destroys defective oocytes during embryogenesis. C) surrounds an oocyte during oogenesis. D) will fix a mutation in another cell. E) can repair its own DNA mutations. 24) In genomic imprinting, erasure of DNA methylation occurs in the A) mitochondria. B) chloroplasts. C) somatic cells of the embryo. D) cells destined to become gametes. 25) How is a chloroplast genome similar to a prokaryotic genome? A) They are both circular. B) They both code for all the proteins they need for functioning. C) They are both linear. D) There is only one chromosome per cell or chloroplast. 26) Which mating of four-o'clock plants would produce progeny that were either green, variegated, or white if the color variation is due to a mutation in a chloroplast gene? A) green female x variegated male B) variegated female x green male C) white female x white male D) white female x green male Version 1 8 27) R and r represent dominant and recessive alleles, respectively, for a gene that is imprinted. Imprinting of the allele occurs in the male and the allele is silenced when it is imprinted. Which mating would result in a ratio of 1:1 of dominant and recessive phenotypes in the offspring? A) rr female x Rr male B) RR female x rr male C) Rr female x Rr male D) rr female x RR male 28) G and g are dominant and recessive alleles, respectively, for a gene. If a mating of a gg female with a Gg male resulted in offspring that all have the recessive phenotype, this would most likely be an example of A) a recessive lethal gene. B) a maternal effect gene. C) environmental influence on phenotype. D) imprinting which results in silencing of the maternal alleles. 29) What would be the genotype of the mother of a female snail that has a Dd genotype and a shell with a left hand twist? A) dd B) DD C) Dd D) Cannot tell since the shell twist phenotype of any offspring depends on the genotype of the father as well as the mother. 30) What is the genotype of the father for a snail that has the genotype Dd and has a left hand twist shell? Version 1 9 A) dd B) Dd C) DD D) It cannot be determined. 31) If a snail that has a right hand twist and is DD is mated to a snail that has a left hand twist and is dd what is the expected ratio of progeny? A) 3 left hand twist to 1 right hand twist B) 3 right handtwist to 1 left hand twist C) It depends on which parent snail is female and which is male. D) 1 left handtwist to 1 right hand twist 32) You are a geneticist studying a newly discovered genetic disorder. The disorder follows a pattern of maternal inheritance, and both male and female children are affected. Strangely, within a family, all the children are affected but to very different degrees. What could explain this variation? A) The disorder is caused by a mitochondrial mutation and the variation is due to heteroplasmy. B) The disorder is caused by a mitochondrial mutation and the variation is due to imprinting. C) The disorder is caused by a nuclear mutation and the variation is due to maternal effect. D) The disorder is caused by a nuclear mutation and the variation is due to Xchromosome inactivation. 33) Both parents usually imprint the same gene. ⊚ true ⊚ false Version 1 10 34) mtDNA contains all of the genes necessary for the complete function of mitochondrial metabolism. ⊚ true ⊚ false 35) The symbiotic relationship of purple bacteria and cyanobacteria with eukaryotic cells was beneficial to both cell types. ⊚ true ⊚ false Version 1 11 Answer Key Test name: Chapter 06 Test Bank 1) [B, C] 2) C 3) C 4) D 5) A 6) B 7) D 8) C 9) C 10) A 11) B 12) A 13) B 14) C 15) B 16) D 17) D 18) E 19) B 20) E 21) A 22) D 23) C 24) D 25) A 26) B Version 1 12 27) C 28) B 29) A 30) D 31) C 32) A 33) FALSE 34) FALSE 35) TRUE Version 1 1 Student name:__________ 1) Which of the following defines gene linkage? A) Two or more genes that are physically connected on a chromosome. B) Genes that are transmitted to the next generation as a group. C) The process by which genetic information is exchanged between homologous chromosomes. D) All of these choices are correct. E) Both two or more genes that are physically connected on a chromosome and genes that are transmitted to the next generation as a group. 2) Assume that genes C and D are located on the same chromosome. On one chromosome alleles C and D are found, while the homolog contains alleles c and d. Which of the following would be an example of a recombination event? A) alleles C and D together on one chromosome B) alleles c and d together on one chromosome C) alleles C and d together on one chromosome D) alleles c and D together on one chromosome E) both alleles C and d together on one chromosome and alleles c and D together on one chromosome 3) The first observational evidence that genes may be inherited together rather than by simple Mendelian inheritance was provided by _____. A) Mendel B) Morgan and Bridges C) Bateson and Punnett D) Boveri and Sutton Version 1 2 4) Experimental evidence that crossing over occurs between the X chromosomes of female Drosophila was provided by _____. A) Morgan B) Punnett C) Darwin D) Bateson 5) Which of the following statistical tests is used to determine if two genes are linked or assorting independently? A) sum rule B) binomial expansion C) product rule D) chi square test 6) In a chi square test to determine if two genes are linked or assorting independently, what is the default (null) hypothesis that is tested? A) The genes are linked to one another. B) The genes are assorting independently. C) The genes are located on the sex chromosomes. D) No crossing over occurs. 7) The visual proof that chromosomes exchange pieces of information during crossing over was provided by _____. Version 1 3 A) Bateson and Punnett B) Morgan and Bridges C) Creighton and McClintock D) Watson and Crick 8) Twin spotting provides evidence of what genetic event? A) meiotic recombination B) mitotic recombination C) linkage D) mutation 9) An organism that contains patches of tissue that vary for a specific characteristic, such as a pigment, is an example of _____. A) linkage B) meiotic recombination C) mitotic recombination D) translocations 10) Which of the following are necessary characteristics of an organism in order to easily construct a genetic linkage map? A) short generation times B) produces large numbers of offspring C) easily crossed D) All of these choices are correct. Version 1 4 11) Crossing over is more likely to occur between genes that are ______ on a chromosome. A) close together B) far apart C) not 12) A testcross is always performed between the individual that is heterozygous for the genes to be mapped and an individual who is _____. A) heterozygous forthe genes B) homozygousdominant for the genes C) homozygousrecessive for the genes D) lacking thegenes 13) While mapping two genes in Drosophila, you observe 30 recombinants among 200 total offspring. What is the distance between these genes? A) 30 map units B) 6.67 map units C) 200 map units D) 15 map units 14) A map distance of 23.6 between two genes indicates which of the following? A) The genes are 23.6 millimeters apart. B) There are 23.6 other genes between the two genes of interest. C) 23.6% of the offspring exhibit recombination between the two genes. D) 23.6% of the offspring do not survive. Version 1 5 15) The individual who is credited with discovering genetic linkage in Drosophila is _____. A) Thomas Hunt Morgan B) Gregor Mendel C) Alfred Sturtevant D) Barbara McClintock 16) In a mapping experiment with three genes, which phenotype should occur most often in the F 2 offspring? A) parental phenotypes B) phenotypes of individuals with single crossover events C) phenotypes of individuals with double crossover events D) All of these choicesshould be equal in the F2 generation. 17) The middle gene of a three gene mapping experiment can be determined by examining the genotypes of which of the following? A) offspring that resemble the parents B) offspring that exhibit a single crossover event C) offspring that exhibit double crossover events D) None of these choices are correct. 18) Which of the following is not one of the properties of gene linkage that Morgan obtained from his experiments? Version 1 6 A) Genes that are on the same chromosome may be inherited together. B) Crossing over exchanges pieces of chromosomes and creates new allele combinations. C) The likelihood of crossing over occurring between two genes is dependent on the distance of the genes from one another. D) Genes that are on the same chromosome are always transmitted together as a unit. 19) In humans, there are _______ autosomal linkage groups, plus an X and Y chromosome linkage group. A) 23 B) 46 C) 22 D) 92 20) Another name for a chromosome is a _______, since it contains genes that are often inherited together. A) linkage group B) crossing overgroup C) geneticrecombinant D) bivalent 21) Two genes that are located on the same chromosome are said to be _____. A) linked B) recombinant C) parental-like D) nonparental-like Version 1 7 22) Creighton and McClintock worked with _____ as their model system to show that homologous chromosomes physically exchange genetic information during crossing over