Foundations of American Democracy final exam well performed 2024/2025.

LOR-1.A: explain how democratic ideals are reflected in the Declaration of Independence and the U.S. Constitution - Answers1. the U.S. government is based on ideas of limited government, including natural rights, popular sovereignty, republicanism, and social contract 2. the Declaration of Independence, drafted by Jefferson with help from Adams and Franklin, provides a foundation for popular sovereignty, while the U.S. Constitution drafted at the Philadelphia convention led by George Washington, with important contributions from Madison, Hamilton, and members of the "grand committee", provides the blueprint for a unique form of political democracy in the U.S. LOR-1.B: explain how models of representative democracy are visible in major institutions, policies, events, or debates in the U.S - Answers2. different aspects of the U.S. Constitution as well as the debate between the Federalist #10 and Brutus #1, reflect the tension between the broad participatory model and the more filtered participation of the pluralist and elite models 3. the three models of representative democracy continue to be reflected in contemporary institutions and political behavior participatory democracy - Answersemphasizes the broad participation in politics and civil society pluralist democracy - Answersrecognizes group-based activism by nongovernmental interests striving for impact on political decision making elite democracy - Answersemphasizes limited participation in politics and civil society CON-1.A: explain how Federalist and Anti-Federalist views on central government and democracy are reflected in U.S. foundational documents - Answers1. Madison's arguments in Federalist #10 focused on the superiority of a large republic in controlling the "mischiefs of faction", delegating authority to elected representatives and dispersing power between the states and national government 2. Anti-federalist writings, including Brutus #1, adhered to popular democratic theory that emphasized the benefits of a small decentralized republic while warning of the dangers to personal liberty from a large, centralized government CON-1.B: explain the relationship between key provisions of the Articles of Confederation and the debate over granting the federal power formerly reserved to the states - Answersspecific incidents and legal challenges that highlighted key weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation are represented by the: -lack of centralized military power to address Shay's Rebellion -lack of tax-law enforcement power CON-1.C: explain the ongoing impact of political negotiation and compromise at the Constitutional Convention on the development of the constitutional system - Answers1. compromises deemed necessary for adoption and ratification of the Constitution are represented by the: -Great (Connecticut) Compromise -Electoral College -Three-Fifths Compromise -Compromise on the importation of slaves 2. debates about self-government during the drafting of the Constitution necessitated the drafting of an amendment process in Article V that entailed either a two-thirds vote in both houses, or a proposal from two-thirds of the state legislatures, with final ratification determined by three-fourths of the states 3. the compromises necessary to secure ratification of the Constitution left some matters unresolved that continue to generate discussion and debate today 4. the debate over the role of the central government, the powers of state governments, and the rights of individuals remains at the heart of present-day constitutional issues about democracy and governmental power, as represented by: -debates about government surveillance resulting from the federal government's response to the 9/11 attacks -the debate about the role of the federal government in public school education PMI-1.A: explain the constitutional principles of separation of powers and checks and balances - Answers1. the powers allocated to Congress, the president, and the courts demonstrate the separation of powers and checks and balances features of the U.S. Constitution 2. Federalist #51 explains how constitutional provisions of separation of powers and checks and balances control abuses by majorities PMI-1.B: explain the implications of separation of powers and checks and balances for the U.S political system - Answers1. multiple access points for stake holders and institutions to influence public policy flows from the separation of powers and checks and balances 2. impeachment, removal, and other legal actions taken against public officials deemed to have abused their power reflect the purpose of checks and balances