OpenStax Psychology 2e Chapter 6 Complete Summary Latest

OpenStax Psychology 2e Chapter 6 Complete Summary Latest Consciousness - awareness of internal and external stimuli Sleep - state marked by relatively low levels of physical activity and reduced sensory awareness that is distinct from periods of rest that occur during wakefulness Wakefulness - characterized by high levels of sensory awareness, thought, and behavior Biological rhythms - internal cycle of biological activity Circadian rhythm - biological rhythm that occurs over approximately 24 hours Homeostasis - tendency to maintain a balance, or optimal level, within a biological system Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) - area of the hypothalamus in which the body's biological clock is located Melatonin - hormone secreted by the endocrine gland that serves as an important regulator of the sleep-wake cycle Pineal gland - endocrine structure located inside the brain that releases melatonin Sleep regulation - brain's control of switching between sleep and wakefulness as well as coordinating this cycle with the outside world Jet lag - collection of symptoms brought on by travel from one time zone to another that results from the mismatch between our internal circadian cycles and our environment Insomnia - consistent difficulty in falling or staying asleep for at least three nights a week over a month's time Rotating shift work - work schedule that changes from early to late on a daily or weekly basis Sleep debt - result of insufficient sleep on a chronic basis Meta-analysis - study that combines the results of several related studies Sleep rebound - sleep-deprived individuals will experience shorter sleep latencies during subsequent opportunities for sleep Evolutionary psychology - discipline that studies how universal patterns of behavior and cognitive processes have evolved over time as a result of natural selection Rapid eye movement (REM) - period of sleep characterized by brain waves very similar to those during wakefulness and by darting movements of the eyes under closed eyelids non-REM (NREM) - period of sleep outside periods of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep Stage 1 sleep - first stage of sleep; transitional phase that occurs between wakefulness and sleep; the period during which a person drifts off to sleep Alpha waves - type of relatively low frequency, relatively high amplitude brain wave that becomes synchronized; characteristic of the beginning of stage 1 sleep Theta waves - type of brain wave characteristic of the end of stage 1 NREM sleep, which has a moderately low amplitude and a frequency of 4-7 Hz Stage 2 sleep - second stage of sleep; the body goes into deep relaxation; characterized by the appearance of sleep spindles Sleep spindle - rapid burst of high frequency brain waves during stage 2 sleep that may be important for learning and memory K-complex - very high amplitude pattern of brain activity associated with stage 2 sleep that may occur in response to environmental stimuli Stage 3 sleep - third stage of sleep; deep sleep characterized by low frequency, high amplitude delta waves Delta waves - type of low frequency, high amplitude brain wave characteristic of stage 3 and stage 4 sleep Manifest content - storyline of events that occur during a dream, per Sigmund Freud's view of the function of dreams Latent content - hidden meaning of a dream, per Sigmund Freud's view of the function of dreams Collective unconscious - theoretical repository of information shared by all people across cultures, as described by Carl Jung Lucid dreams - people become aware that they are dreaming and can control the dream's content Insomnia - consistent difficulty in falling or staying asleep for at least three nights a week over a month's time Cognitive-behavioral therapy - psychotherapy that focuses on cognitive processes and problem behaviors that is sometimes used to treat sleep disorders such as insomnia