Biology 1010 Final exam (comprehensive) 2024 study guide fully solved & verified for accuracy

What are the basic reasons for experiments and how should they be set up? Tests that support a hypothesis must be repeatable and the hypothesis must be falsifiable. Observetions, ?, hypothesis, prediction, experiment. What are the characteristics of life? Order, regulation, growth and development, energy processing, reproduction, response to the environment, evolution. Brainpower Read More Previous Play Next Rewind 10 seconds Move forward 10 seconds Unmute 0:00 / 0:15 Full screen What is the difference between covalent and ionic bonds? Covalent: Electrons are shared. Strongest bond. Ionic: Electrons are gained or lost. Hydrogen: Between or within molecules. (weak) found in water, DNA, proteins. What subatomic particle is involved in these covalent and ionic bonds? Protons (determines the element), neutrons (determine isotopes), electrons (Determine chemical behavior) What are the four groups of organic compounds? examples of each group. Carbohydrates (starch, glycogen, cellulose), lipids (fats and oils, steroids, phospholipids) , proteins (enzymes, muscle), nucleic acids (DNA, RNA). What are the building blocks for proteins? Amino acids What are the building blocks for nucleic acids? Nucleotides What makes the water molecule so important for life on the planet? Water molecules stick together: cohesion and surface tension. Water has a strong resistance to change in temperature. Density differences between liquids and ice. Water is a common solvent for life. What is the function of the plasma membrane? Permeable. Made of lipids and protein. separates the internal environment from the external. Allows for communication between cells and their environment. Function of the ribosome? Site of protein synthesis. Mitochondria Site of cellular respiration. Produces ATP. Chloroplast Site of photosynthesis. Light energy from the sun is turned into chemical energy here then is moved to the mitochondria to make ATP. Nucleus control center of the cell. Contains DNA. Diffusion Passive transport. , The process by which molecules move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration Osmosis Passive Transport. Water is moved to an area of low solute to high solute. Is the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane. ATP Energy made in Mitochondria. Adenosine triphosphate. supplies the energy for the cells to do their work. Cellular respiration/ where does it occur? occurs in the mitochondria. Process where food is broken down in the presence of oxygen to produce energy for the organism. Glycolysis, Krebs cycle, electron transport. What is the formula for cellular respiration? Glucose+ oxygen=(help of enzymes) 6 carbon dioxide+ 6 H2O+ ATP (up to 32) Photosynthesis/ where does it occur? Chloroplast. Process where plants, algae, and some bacteria use the suns energy, CO2 and H2O to produce food (carbohydrates. Light reactions, Calvin cycle. What is the formula for photosynthesis? Light+ H2O= 02 makes some ATP to the calvin cycle where then enters CO2 with ATP making a sugar molecule. What is the difference between mitosis and meiosis? Mitosis: replace lost or damaged cells, grow and develop. Meiosis: The process that produces gametes with the haploid number of chromosomes. Mitosis makes for genetically identical diploid daughter cells. Meiosis makes for genetically unique haploid daughter cells. What is the purpose of the flower? reproductive organs. Stamen, Petal, Carpel (female part), Sepal. Pollination occurs before fertilization. Germination The seed must germinate to be able to grow into a new plant., series of events that results in the growth of a plant from a seed Ovulation ..., process in which an egg is released from the ovary Fertilization ..., process in sexual reproduction in which male and female reproductive cells join to form a new cell Gamete sex cell. Zygote Fertilized egg. Diploid vs Haploid Somatic cells contain the diploid number of chromosomes. Gametes contain the haploid number of chromosomes. Somatic Cell Any cell in a multicellular organism except a sperm or egg cell. contains diploid #. Genotype vs phenotype Genotype: the genetic makeup of an individual. (the actual genes present/ AA/Aa) Phenotype: the observable characteristics- physical traits (tall, short) What are sex linked traits? Hemophilia and color blindness. found on the X chromosome. What is the basic structure of DNA? A double helix. made up of nucleotides which has a sugar, a phosphate, and a base. What is the purpose of mRNA and tRNA? mRNA: carries the information from DNA to ribosome. tRNA: brings the correct amino acid to the ribosome during translation (building of the protien). What is gene expression? Every cell has the same genes. Each cell is different because it is specialized. genes that are turned on and such. PCR Polymerase Chain Reaction. Extremely small amounts of DNA can be copied quickly and precisely. What is evolution? Organisms are categorized into 3 domains: bacteria, Archaea, eukarya What are evidences supporting evolution? Evolution is the genetic change in a population or species over time. bacteria, monkeys, lots of stuff. Darwin. Microevolution vs Macroevolution Microevolution: changes in allele frequency in a population. (genetic drift, mutation, gene flow, natural selection) Macroevolution: Evolution at a large scale. What are prezygotic barriers? Occur before fertilization. (temporal isolation, habitat isolation, behavioral isolation)