Biology 1010 Exam 2024 study guide fully solved & verified for accuracy.

Basics of protons, neutrons and electrons Electrons are negligible mass and are not in the nucleus with a - charge Neutrons have no charge and are in the nucleus with the protons who have a + charge. Atomic Number Vs. Mass number or atomic Mass Atomic number is the number of protons in the nucleus and Atomic mass or mass number is the number of protons and neutrons Brainpower Read More Previous Play Next Rewind 10 seconds Move forward 10 seconds Unmute 0:00 / 0:00 Full screen Acid vs Base Acids are low on the PH scale meaning that they have lots of hydrogen and bases are very high on the scale. 7 is neutral on the PH scale. Ionic Bonding When electrons are stolen however it still results in a stable bond and produce atoms called Ions and the opposite charges attract like in NA+CL- which is table salt. Covalent Bond Electrons are shared equally or unequally and they are very strong bonds. Nonpolar is equal electron sharing and polar is unequal sharing. Water is polar but not a covalent bond Hydrogen Bond This is the weakest bond. Water is a hydrogen bond. They break apart and reform easily. Unique properties of water 1. Ice floats (solid state is lighter than liquid state) 2. Universal Solvent 3. Surface Tension 4. Resistent to temperature This is all possible due to hydrogen bonding between water molecules Carbon All organic compounds contain carbon and carbon can form 4 covalent bonds mostly to hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen Dehydration synthesis When building a molecule water is removed Hydrolysis Hydrolysis is the opposite process of dehydration synthesis by which molecules are broken up by the addition of a water molecule, such as the formation of two glucose molecules from a maltose. Carbohydrates Elements: C H O Monomer: monosaccharides or disaccharides Starch: plant energy storage Glycogen: Human and animal energy storage cellulose: plant energy storage Monosaccharides are fructose Disaccharides are lactose or sucrose Lipids Elements: C H O It is energy storage but not ready energy like carbohydrates. 2 Components: glycerol and fatty acid Hydrophobic tail (fatty acid) Hydrophilic Head (Glycerol) Saturated: single bonds which are solid at room temp like bacon grease Unsaturated fat: like plant oils they are liquid at room temp because of double bonds Steroids like Estrogen are also lipids but are formed differently. Proteins Elements: C H O N Monomer: Amino Acid 20 AA make up millions of proteins AA are linked by peptide bonds forming Polypeptides or beads on a necklace shape. Nucleic Acid Elements: C H O N P Monomer: Nucleotide Store DNA and RNA It is a nitrogen base with a phosphate group Characteristics of all cells 1. bound by a membrane 2. Contain cytosol 3. Have DNA 4. Have ribosomes Prokaryotic cells older, smaller, lack a nucleus and other membrane bound organelle. Found in bacteria Eukaryotic Cells Newer, larger, have a nucleus and other organelles. Found in animals Key difference from plant to animal cells plants have a cell wall and and a central vacuole Ribosomes synthesize proteins located in the Endoplasmic Reticulum or in cytoplasms found in BOTH plant and animals Nucleus Cell organelle that houses DNA and directs synthesis of ribosomes and proteins found in BOTH plant and animal cells Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Modifies proteins and synthesizes lipids. Rough ER has ribosomes and smooth does not found in BOTH plant and animal cells. Gogli Apparatus Modifies, sorts, packages and ships out proteins to where they are needed. Found in BOTH plant and animal cells Lysosomes Uses chemicals to break down food and worn out cell parts digestive enzyme. Only in animal cells vesicle/vacuole A membrane bound sac that contains materials involved in transport of the cell. Found in BOTH plant and animal cells