Rasmussen Patho Final Exam 2024 Questions with correct Answers

Rasmussen Patho Final Exam 2024 Questions with correct Answers What is Gastritis/Acute Gastritis? Inflammation of the stomach lining. Causes include ingestion of alcohol, aspirin, NSAIDs; can also be caused by a virus, bacteria, an autoimmune disorder Treatment: Remove the offending agent! Chronic Gastritis *H.Pylori is almost always a factor Causes: Person-to-Person, Fecal/Oral, Reservoir in water sources Complications: PUD, Atrophic Gastritis, Gastric Adenocarcinoma, Mucosal Lymphoma, Decreased Acid, and Intrinsic Factor PUD - Peptic Ulcer Disease Disorders of the upper GI Tract caused by the action of Acid and Pepsin. Injury to the mucosa of the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum. Causes: *H.Pylori (HIGHLY CONTAGIOUS), NSAIDs, Stress, Smoking, and Genetics Clinical Manifestations: Epigastric burning pain (relieved by food intake or antacids) Complications: GI Bleeding and Perforation Tx: Sulcralfate, PPIs, Avoid caffeine and alcohol PUD - Ulcer Types: MOST COMMON Gastric Ulcer: Pain occurs on an empty stomach; may present soon after a meal Duodenal Ulcer: Pain 2-3 hours after meal; relieved by food intake Ulcerative Colitis (IBD - Inflammatory Bowel Disease) Chronic inflammation of the mucosa - rectal and colon - leading to large ulcers Complications: *Bloody Diarrhea, Lower abdominal pain; *Exacerbations and Remissions Treatment: Corticosteroids, Broad Spectrum Antibiotics Chron's Disease An immune-mediated disease that can affect any part of the digestive tract. There is NO CURE. Complications: Granulomas, Fistulas, Ulcerations, Strictures, and Fibrosis Bowel Obstruction Manifestations - Types Mechanical: Increased bowel sounds, abdominal pain, and N/V Functional: Absent bowel sounds Upper Jejunal: Vomiting, dehydration, and electrolyte depletion Distal Small Bowel/Ilium: Constipation What percentage of the pancreas is Endocrine function? 5% - Pancreas secretes hormones into the blood *Exocrine function: Pancreas secretes digestive juice into the duodenum Pancreatic Cancer About 2% of all CA; Ranks 4th among malignant deaths. Risks: Smoking, Obesity Manifestations: Jaundice, Malabsorption, weight loss, abdominal pain, nausea Tx: Surgery, Chemo Gastroesophageal Varices Management Varicies are a result of Portal Hypertension d/t Cirrhosis of the liver; Alcoholism and Viral Hepatitis Dx: Endoscopy, Abdominal CT Scan, Upper GI Barrium Tx: Fluids (NaCl), Administer Blood Products, Vasopressin IV, H2 Blockers, PPIs; Surgical Banding and Balloon Therapy Diverticulosis Syndrome of "Outpouchings"/Herniations through the muscular layer of the colon. *HIGH FIBER DIET Diverticulitis Inflammation of the "Outpouchings" *LOW FIBER DIET Assessment of Kidney Disease Palpation of the CVA for pain/tenderness *CVA = Costalvertebral Angle Kidney Cancer S/S Is typically asymptomatic until advanced. Most common is CVA tenderness, hematuria, palpable abdominal mass, dyspnea, cough, bone pain secondary to metastasis Dialysis Benefits and Risks Used for pts with ATN/CKD in stage 5 in order to remove metabolic waste and correct fluid and electrolyte imbalances. Pts are at risk for Hypotension after treatment because they Hypertensive prior to treatment. TYPES of Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) PRERENAL: Conditions that diminish perfusion of the kidney - Hypovolemia, Hypotension, Heart Failure, Renal Artery Obstruction, Fever, Burns, Edema, Ascites, ACE Inhibitors, NSAIDs POSTRENAL: Obstruction of the normal outflow of urine from kidneys - Renal Pelvis, Ureters, Bladder Outlet, Urethra Causes: BPH, Kinked Catheter, Intra-abdominal Tumors, Strictures, Calculi INTRINSIC/INTRARENAL: Primary dysfunction of the nephrons and the kidney itself! The most common problem within the renal tubules results in *ATN(Acute Tubular Necrosis). Causes of ATN: Nephrotoxic insults: Contrast Media, Sepsis, Vancomycin, Chemo; Lack of O2, Alcohol, Drugs PHASES of Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) PRODROMAL: *Insult to the kidney has already occurred. Serum BUN and Creatinine is ELEVATED. OLIGURIC: Normal urine output of 50-400mL daily. Oliguria, Uremia, decreased GFR, Hypervolemia. S/S: Fluid excess, Hyperkalemia, Uremic Syndrome, Metabolic Acidosis POSTOLIGURIC: Termination of the Oliguric phase represents recovery. Urine volume increases, tubular function improves fluid volume deficit until kidneys recover. Cystitis Acute onset of frequency, Urgency and Dysuria, Suprapubic Pain, Hematuria, Cloudy Urine. LOC in elderly could present as Dementia, as well as new-onset incontinence. Toxic Causes of Intrarenal